Every society, beginning with some slight inclinat...

Every society, beginning with some slight inclination in one direction or another, carries its preference farther and farther, integrating itself more and more completely upon its chosen basis, and discarding those types of behavior. that are uncongenial. (1) Most of those organizations of personality that seem to us most uncontrovertibly abnormal have been used by different civilizations in the very foundations of their institutional life. Conversely the most valued traits of normal individuals have been looked on in differently organized cultures as aberrant. Normality, in short, within a very wide range, is culturally defined. It is primarily a term for the socially elaborated segment of human behavior. in any culture; and abnormality, is a term for the segment that particular civilization does not use. (2) The very eyes with which we see the problem are conditioned by the long traditional habits of our own society.

It is a point that has been made more often in relation to ethics than in relation to psychiatry. We do not any longer make the mistake of deriving the morality of our locality and decade directly from the inevitable constitution of human nature. We do not elevate it to the dignity of a first principle. We recognize that morality differs in every society, and is a convenient term for socially approved habits, Mankind has always preferred to say, "it is morally good," rather than "it is habitual," and the fact of this preference is matter enough for a critical science of ethics. But historically the two phrases are synonymous.

The concept of the normal is properly a variant of the concept of the good. It is that which society has approved. A normal action is one which falls well within the limits of expected behavior. for a particular society. Its variability among different peoples is essentially a function of the variability of the behavior. patterns that different societies have created for themselves, and can never be wholly divorced from a consideration of culturally institutionalized types of behavior. (3) Each culture is a more or less elaborate working out of the potentialities of the segment it has chosen. In so far as a civilization is well integrated and consistent within itself, it will tend to carry farther and farther, according to its nature, its initial impulse toward a particular type of action, and from the point of view of any other culture those elaborations may include more and more extreme and aberrant traits. (4)

Each of these traits, in proportion as it reinforces the chosen behavior. patterns of that culture, is for that culture, normal. Those individuals to whom it is congenial either congenitally, or as the reset of childhood sets, are accorded prestige in that culture, and are not visited with the social contempt or disapproval which their traits would call down upon them in a society that was differently organized. On the other hand, those individuals whose characteristics are not congenial to the selected type of human behavior. in that community are considered the deviants, no matter how valued their personality traits may be in a different civilization. (5)

回答题Text 2

Every year for more than a decade I"ve gone with some good male friends to the music festi- val. Women are not invited， but they do prepare a picnic for our trip. The better the food， the more likely we are to continue our annual tradition and give them peace at least one week out of the year.

When we"re not eating， we sit around in circles and talk about manly stuff: women， mostly.After years of this special journey I have figured out women are different from us， especially when it comes to how we communicate. Women don"t need to manufacture reasons to chat， but guys need excuses like outings or organized events.

And I"ve noticed that when women are in groups there can be several conversations going on at once. When men are in a group， one man talks， and everybody else listens. It"s like bluegrass jamming in a way; one musician plays the lead， and the rest try to follow.

I"ve had more heartfelt conversations with other men at the festival than I"ve had at any other time in my life， partly because there are no women there， and partly because we"re all a little drunk. It was males bonding over whatever parts we still had left. The festival is also the only place I"ve ever cried in front of other men.

As the years have slipped by， some in our group have lost parents and grandparents， some have divorced， and others have changed careers， not always on purpose. It seems that every year something distressing has happened to at least one member of our crew， and the rest of us are there to listen and offer support.

I hope that this column can offer some comfort to women: if your man heads out on a bowling or poker night with the guys， be happy. Chances are good he"s not fleeing you and the kids， but he"s running toward the conversations he can only have with other men， and he"ll come home the better for it.

It is implied in the first paragraph that 查看材料

A.the trip is a relief for both men and women________

B.the trip will continue in spite of everything

C.the quality of the picnic needs improvement

D.the women can rarely get peace themselves

Every country with a monetary system of its own has to have some kind of market in

which dealers in bills, notes, and other forms of short term credit can buy and sell. The money market" is a set of institutions or arrangements for handling what might be called wholesale transactions in money and short-term credit. The need for such facilities arises in

much the same way that a similar need does in connection with the distribution of any of the

products of a diversified economy to their final users at the retail level. If the retailer is to

provide reasonably adequate service to his customers, he must have active contacts with

others who specialize in making or handling bulk quantities of whatever is his stock in trade

The money market is made up of specialized facilities of exactly this kind. It exists for the

purpose of improving the ability of the retailers of financial services-commercial banks

savings institutions, investment houses, lending agencies, and even governments-to do their job. It has little if any contact with the individuals or firms who maintain accounts with these various retailers or purchase their securities or borrow from them.

 The elemental functions of a money market must be performed in any kind of modern economy, even one that is largely planned or socialist, but the arrangements in socialist countries do not ordinarily take the form. of a market Money markets exist in countries that use market processes rather than planned allocations to distribute most of their primary resources among alternative uses. The general distinguishing feature of a money market is that it relies upon open competition among those who are bulk suppliers of funds at any particular time and among those seeking bulk funds, to work out the best practicable distribution of the existing total volume of such funds.

 In their market transactions, those with bulk supplies of funds or demands for them.

rely on groups of intermediaries who act as brokers or dealers. The characteristics of these

middlemen, the services they perform, and their relationship to other parts of the financial system vary widely from country to country. In many countries there is no single meeting place where the middlemen get together, yet in most countries the contacts among all participants are sufficiently open and free to assure each supplier or user of funds that he

will get or pay a price that fairly reflects all of the influences (including his own) that are currently affecting the whole supply and the whole demand. In nearly all cases, moreover,

the unifying force of competition is reflected at any given moment in a common price (that

is, rate of interest) for similar transactions. Continuous fluctuations in the money market rates of interest result from changes in the pressure of available supplies of funds upon the market and in the pull of current demands upon the market

1、The first paragraph is mainly about()

A、the definition of money market

B、the constitution of a money market

C、the basic functions of a money market

D、the general feature of a money market

2、According to this passage, the money market()

A. provides convenient services to its customers

B has close contact with the individuals or firms seeking funds

C. maintains accounts with various retailers of financial services

D. is made up of institutions which specialize in handling wholesale monetary

transactions

3、Which of the following statements concerning money market is not true according to this passage?()

A Money market does not exist in planned economies

B. Money market has been established in some socialist countries

C Money market encourages open competition among bulk suppliers of funds

D. Money market relies upon market processes to distribute funds to final users

4、The author uses the example of middlemen to show()

A. market transactions are important in different countries

B. dealers are needed in doing business

C middlemen can play great role in different transactions and different countries

D middlemen in different countries have different actions in business

5、According to this passage()

A.brokers usually perform. the same kinds of services to their customers

B.brokers have little contact with each other

C.open competition tends to result in a common price for similar transactions at any

given moment

D.changes in the pressure of available supplies of funds upon market tend to maintain a

Balance.

Every year students in many countries learn English. Some of these students are children, the other students are young people. Why do all these people want to learn __21__? It is not easy to answer this question. Many boys and girls learn English at school. It is one of their subjects. Many people learn English because it is __22__ in their work. Some young people learn English for their higher studies because some of their books are written __23__ English. Other people learn English because they want to __24__ newspapers in English. Some people learn English because they want to work in the USA, England or Australia. English is very __25__ in our life.

21)、

A.useful

B.in

C.read

D.helpful

E.English

22)、

A.useful

B.in

C.read

D.helpful

E.English

23)、

A.useful

B.in

C.read

D.helpful

E.English

24)、

A.useful

B.in

C.read

D.helpful

E.English

25)、

A.useful

B.in

C.read

D.helpful

E.English

In every myth, ______.

A．there is a connection with some natural event

B．there exists some religious teaching

C．there are angry gods and goddesses

D．there is not necessarily an attempt to explain an event in nature

Every country with a monetary system (of its own) has to have (some kind) of market (which) dealers can buy and sell in bills, notes and other forms of (short-term credit) card.

A．of its own

B．some kind

C．which

D．short-term credit

Every country with a monetary system (of its own) has to have (some kind) of market (which) dealers can buy and sell in bills, notes and other forms of (short-term credit) card.

A．of its own

B．some kind

C．which

D．short-term credit