Symmetric, or private-key, encryption is based on ...

Symmetric, or private-key, encryption is based on a secret key that is shared by both communcating parties. The （ ） party uses the secret key as part of the mathematical operation to encrypt （ ） text to cipher text. The receiving party uses the same secret key to decrypt the cipher text to plain text. Asymmetric, or public-key, encryption uses two different keys for each user: one is a （ ） key known only to this one user; the other is a corresponding public key, which is accessible to anyone. The private and public keys are mathematically related by the encryption algorithm. One key ia used for encyption and the other for decryption, depending on the nature of the communication service being implemented. In addition, public key encryption technoligies allow digital （ ） to be placed on messages. A digital signature uses the sender&39;s private key to encrypt some portion of the message. When the message is received, the receiver uses the sender&39;s （ ） key tp decipher the digital signature to verify the sender&39;s identity.

A.host B.terminal C.sending D.receiving A.plain B.cipher C.public D.private A.plain B.cipher C.public D.private A.interpretation B.signatures C.encryption D.decryption A.plain B.cipher C.public D.private

In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private—should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers, would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women's earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fucks' support this assumption. Fucks' results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry com- posed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.

In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis. Brown selected a large sample of white male and female workers from the 1970 census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown' s research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study' s results. Brown's results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers ad consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.

One can infer from Brown's results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women, In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.

Brown's results are clearly consistent with Fuchs' argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact the women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discriminating is not having as much effect on women's earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.

The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPT ______.

A．discrimination form. consumers and suppliers

B．discrimination from financial institutions

C．problems in obtaining good employees

D．problems in obtaining government assistance

In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private—should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women's earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs' results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would by 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.

In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities). Brown's research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study's results. Brown's results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.

One can infer from Brown's results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.

Brown's results are clearly consistent with Fuchs' argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on women's earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.

In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

A．giving an example.

B．justifying an assumption.

C．explaining a theory.

D．making a comparison.

In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private—should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women's earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs' results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.

In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of white male and female workers from the 1970 census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown's research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study's results. Brown's results suggest that men and women are not treated the came by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.

One can infer from Brown's results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.

Brown's results are clearly consistent with Fuchs' argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact the women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discriminating is not having as much effect on women's earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.

The passage mentions all of the following difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPT ______.

A．discrimination from consumers and suppliers

B．discrimination from financial institutions

C．problems from financial institutions

D．problems in obtaining government assistance

In the Unites States, it is required that all children______ school, public or private, for 12 years

A．must attend

B．need attend

C．should attend

D．ought to attend

SECTION B INTERVIEW

Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.

Now listen to the interview.

听力原文：A: So, you're an architect?

B: Yes.

A: Do you work for a public or private organisation, or are you self-employed, that is, working on your own?

B: I'm working for a private design and construction company.

A: How did you start your career?

B: I started with the government.

A: Oh, did you? What made you decide to work for the government?

B: Well, it was a matter of chance really. I saw an advertisement for a vacant position in a newspaper, and I thought "Why don't you try it?" In fact, I have no preferences to where I work, public or private.

A: And do you still have this idea, or...

B: More or less, yes, although I'm now working for a private firm. I worked for the government for about three years. It was alright. Of course there's the bureaucracy one has to put up with, but it's not that bad, if you don't mind bureaucratic wheels turning slowly, and things not being as efficient.

A: Ah-ah. And what made you leave the public sector?

B: Money mainly. You see, I got married, and my wife doesn't work, and we wanted to start a family right away. So we thought it might be better off if I moved to the private sector. This is why it's hard for me to be self-employed because self employed work has the disadvantage that there may be time, or a period of time when you're unemployed.

A: I see, so did you join this company straight away or...

B: No, I worked for, in a couple of private firms before I came to this one.

A: Hmm, hmm. Now what qualifications does one have to have to become an architect?

B: Well, you've got to have a degree in architecture. That means before you apply to study architecture in any university, you have to pass exams, usually three A-levels with good results. Also you generally have to study sciences at school rather than arts.., as the basis for the subject to be studied at university level, although when you really get down to it, the subject involves some aspects of arts too. Then you need between six and seven years to work through, by the end of which you usually Sit for the final examination.

A: So you mean to take up architecture, one has to have a scientific background? '

B: Well, yes, mainly scientific, but it helps if you have some general arts background too. You know, architecture is not a pure science.

A: Now, if one wants to take up architecture, one has got to be able to draw? Is that really true?

B: Well, it is true that the work of an architect involves a lot of drawing, and to be an architect you must be able to draw. But this doesn't mean that if you can't at present draw, you won't have the opportunity to be an architect, because you can be taught to draw. In fact drawing in architecture is different from drawing in art. An artist's drawing must be good in the sense that it gives a certain impression in the mind of the viewer, in fact some famous artists can't draw very well at all, at least not from a technical point of view. On the other hand, an architect's drawing must be accurate. So I'd say that accuracy of the drawings is what we aim at, what's important.

A: Now what qualities do you think make a good architect, apart from being accurate in his drawings?

B: Well, I'm not sure if I can generalise about that. You see architecture is a mixture of theory and practice. So I suppose a good architect should be good at both. An architect's work is good in as much as the construction is built precisely as the theory requires, so that it doesn't collapse or can't be used after a period of time because it's dangerous, i don't mean a well-built construction will last for ever, but it's predictab

A．a newspaper.

B．the government.

C．a construction firm.

D．a private company.

SECTION B INTERVIEW

Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.

Now listen to the interview.

听力原文：A: So, you're an architect?

B: Yes.

A: Do. you work for a public or private organisation, or are you self-employed, that is, working on your own?

B: I'm working for a private design and construction company.

A: How did you start your career?

B: I started with the government.

A: Oh, did you? What made you decide to work for the government?

B: Well, it was a matter of chance really. I saw an advertisement for a vacant position in a newspaper, and I thought "Why don't you try it?" In fact, I have no preferences to where I work, public or private.

A: And do you still have this idea, or ...

B: More or less, yes, although I'm now working for a private firm, I worked for the government for about three years. It was alright. Of course there's the bureaucracy one has to put up with, but it's not that bad, if you don't mind bureaucratic wheels turning slowly, and things not being as efficient.

A: Ah-ah. And what made you leave the public sector?

B: Money mainly. You see, I got married, and my wife doesn't work, and we wanted to start a family right away. So we thought it might be better off if I moved to the private sector. This is why it's hard for me to be self-employed because self-employed work has the disadvantage that there may be time, or a period of time when you're unemployed.

A: I see, so did you join this company straight away or ...

B: No, I worked for, in a couple of private firms before I came to this one.

A: Hmm, hmm. Now what qualifications does one have to become an architect?

B: Well, you've got to have a degree in architecture. That means before you apply to study architecture in any university, you have to pass exams, usually three A-levels with good results. Also you generally have to study sciences at school rather than arts ... as the basis for the subject to be studied at university level, although when you really get down to it, the subject involves some aspects of arts too. Then you need between six and seven years to work through, by the end of which you usually sit for the final examination.

A: So you mean to take up architecture, one has to have a scientific background?

B: Well, yes, mainly scientific, but it helps if you have some general arts background too. You know, architecture is not a pure science.

A: Now, if one wants to take up architecture, one has got to be able to draw? Is that really true?

B: Well, it is true that the work of an architect involves a lot of drawing, and to be an architect you must be able to draw. But this doesn't mean that if you can't at present draw, you won't have the opportunity to be an architect, because you can be taught to draw. In fact drawing in architecture is different from drawing in art. An artist's drawing must be good in the sense that it gives a certain impression in the mind of the viewer, in fact some famous artists can't draw" very well at all, at least not from a technical point of view. On the other hand, an architect's drawing must be accurate. So I'd say that accuracy of the drawings is what we aim at, what's important.

A: Now what qualities do you think make a good architect, apart from being accurate in his drawings?

B: Well, I'm not sure if I can generalise about that. You see architecture is a mixture of theory and practice. So I suppose a good architect should be good at both. An architect's work is good in as much as the construction is built precisely as the theory requires, so that it doesn't collapse or can't be used after a period of time because it's dangerous. I don't mean a well-built construction will last forever, but it's predictable

A．a newspaper

B．the government

C．a construction firm

D．a private company

SECTION B INTERVIEW

Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.

Now listen to the interview.

听力原文：A: So, you're an architect?

B: Yes.

A: Do you work for a public or private organisation, or are you self-employed, that is, working on your own?

B: I'm working for a private design and construction company.

A: How did you start your career?

B: I started with the government.

A: Oh, did you? What made you decide to work for the government?

B: Well, it was a matter of chance really. I saw an advertisement for a vacant position in a newspaper, and I thought "Why don't you try it?" Irt fact, I have no preferences to where I work, public or private.

A: And do you still have this idea, or ...

B: More or less, yes, although I'm now working for a private from, I worked for the government for about three years. It was alright. Of course there's the bureaucracy one has to put up with, but it's not that bad, if you don't mind bureaucratic wheels taming slowly, and things not being as efficient.

A: Ah-ah. And what made you leave the public sector?

B: Money mainly. You see, I got married, and my wife doesn't work, and we wanted to start a family right away. So we thought it might be better off if I moved to the private sector. This is why it's hard for me to be self-employed because self-employed work has the disadvantage that there may be time, or a period of time when you're unemployed.

A: I see, so did you join this company straight away or ...

B: No, I worked for, in a couple of private firms before I came to this one.

A: Hum% hmm. Now what qualifications does one have to become an architect?

B: Well, you've got to have a degree in architecture. That means before you apply to study architecture in any university, you have to pass exams, usually three A-levels with good results. Also you generally have to study sciences at school rather than arts ... as the basis for the subject to be studied at university level, although when you really get down to it, the subject involves some aspects of arts too. Then you need between six and seven years to work through, by the end of which you usually sit for the final examination.

A: So you mean to take up architecture, one has to have a scientific background?

B: Well, yes, mainly scientific, but it helps if you have some general arts background too. You know, architecture is not a pure science.

A: Now, if one wants to take up architecture, one has got to be able to draw? Is that really true?

B: Well, it is true that the work of an architect involves a lot of drawing, and to be an architect you must be able to draw. But this doesn't mean that if you can't at present draw, you won't have the opportunity to be an architect, because you can be taught to draw. In fact drawing in architecture is different from drawing in art. An artist's drawing must be good in the sense that it gives a certain impression in the mind of the viewer, in fact some famous artists can't draw very well at ail, at least not from a technical point of view. On the other hand, an architect's drawing must be accurate. So I'd say that accuracy of the drawings is what we aim at, what's important.

A: Now what qualifies do you think make a good architect, apart from being accurate in his drawings?

B: Well, I'm not sure if can generalise about that. You see architecture is a mixtare of theory and practice. So I suppose a good architect should be good at both. An architect' s work is good in as much as the construction is built precisely as the theory requires, so that it doesn't collapse or can' t be used after a period of time because it' s dangerous. I don't mean a well-built construction will last forever, but it's predictable that

A．a newspaper

B．the government

C．a construction firm

D．a private company

You are to write in no less than 150 words on the topic "Security or Privacy". Your composition should be based on the Chinese clues given below. 1．近些年来，许多公共场合都安装了摄像监控装置； 2．人们对此众说纷纭； 3．你的看法。

60 Land belongs to the city; there is __ thing as private ownership of land.

A no such a B not such C not such a D no such