behavio（u）r意思__

In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent of motivation. While progress toward maturity is positively correlated with differentiation between motivation and cognition, tension will, even in the mature adult, militate towards a narrowing of the range of perception.

Cognition can be seen as the first step in the sequence events leading from the external stimulus to the behavior. of the individual. The child develops from belief that all things are an extension of its own body to the recognition that objects exist independent of his perception. He begins to demonstrate awareness of people and things which are removed from his sensory apparatus and initiates goal-directed behaviors. He may, however, refuse to recognize the existence of barriers to the attainment of his goal, despite the fact that his cognition of these objects has been previously demonstrated.

In the primitive beings, goal-directed behavior. can be very simple motivated. The presence of an attractive object will cause an infant to reach for it; its removal will result in the cessation of that action. Studies have shown no evidence of the infant's frustration; rather, it appears that the infant ceases to desire the object when he cannot see it. Further indications are that the infant's attention to the attractive object increase as a result of its not being in his grasp. In fact, if he holds a toy and another is presented, he is likely to drop the first in order to clutch the second. Often, once he has the one desired in his hands, he loses attention and turns to something else.

In adult life, mere cognition can be similarly motivational, although the visible presence of the opportunity is not required as the instigator of response. The mature adult modifies his reaction by obtaining information, interpreting it, and examining consequences. He formulates a hypothesis and attempts to test it. He searches out implicit relationships, examines all factors, and differentiates among them. Just as the trained artist can separate the value of color, composition, and technique, while taking in and evaluating the whole work, so, too, the mature person brings his cognitive learning strengths to bear in appraising a situation.

Understanding that cognition is separate from action, his reactions are only minimally guided from conditioning, and take into consideration anticipatable events.

The impact of the socialization process, particularly that of parental and social group ideology, may reduce cognitively directed behavior. The tension thus produced, as for instance the stress of fear, anger, or extreme emotion, will often be the overriding influence.

The evolutionary process of development from body schema through cognitive learning is similarly manifested in the process of language acquisition. Auditing develops first, reading and writing much later on. Not only is this evident in the development of the individual being from infancy on, but also in the development of language for humankind.

Every normal infant has the physiological equipment necessary to produce sound, but the child must first master their use for sucking, biting, and chewing before he can control his equipment for use in producing the sounds of language. The babble and chatter of the infant are precursors to intelligible vocal communication.

From the earlier times, it is clear that language and human thought have been intimately connected. Sending or receiving messages, from primitive warnings of danger to explaining creative or reflective thinking, this aspect of cognitive development is also firmly linked to the needs and aspirations of society.

How does the child develop his perception?

A．Strong motivations give rise to perception.

B．He holds the conviction that things around him are parts of extended body and later on gives it up.

C．Parents and teachers play a key role in his development of cognition.

D．He believes that objects around him are independent of his perception.

A new drug shows hope of conquering a form. of leukemia by targeting the misbehaving cells two summers ago Douglas Jenson was so wiped out from battling chronic myelogenous(骨髓性的) leukemia(白血病) (CML) that he could do little more than sit by his window; watching the numbers on a thermometer rise and fall with the sun. Today thanks to an experimental drug called STI571 (brand name: Glivec), Jenson 67, is biking in Oregon and planning a trip to the Caribbean. "I feel wonderful," he says.

2. So do his doctors. STI571, a "smart bomb" drug that targets leukemia cells without harming healthy ions, first made headlines last year when researchers announced that white blood counts had returned to normal in 31 out of 31 patients who had taken the pill. Last week scientists were hack reporting new data on just over 1000 patients. In one trial, more than 90 % of 532 people on the drug saw counts return to normal. And under microscopic examination, 28 percent showed no evidence of cancer left in their bone marrow.

3. The drug even helped, although not as dramatically, some patients in the final "blast" phase of the disease, when survival is measured in months. STI571"has ignited the cancer-research field", says Dr Brian Druker, an Oregan Health Sciences University researcher who developed the drug with manufacturer Novartis.

4. CML, diagnosed in 5100 Americans every year, is triggered when two chromosomes swap fragments of genetic information. CML starts with the mistaken swap of genes between two chromosomes. The resulting "Philadelphia chromosome" produces the mutant Bcr-Abl protein. Bcr-Abl transfers a phosphate from the chemical messenger ATP to other proteins. They initiate a flawed signal to white blood cells to replicate incessantly.

5. STI571 returns blood counts back to normal for those patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia(CML) in a "smart bomb way" by targeting the protein that sends the message to make the white blood cells. Bone marrow transplants can work extremely well, but they&39; re applicable only for a minority of patients; otherwise, standard treatment is the injectable drug interferon. Many patients, however, cannot tolerate the adverse effects, which include severe fatigue, weight loss and depression. The new pill works by deactivating the cancer cells&39; growth signal. Side effects- nausea, eye puffiness, muscle aches have been relatively mild so far.

Paragraph 3.______

A. Personal Effect on One PatientB. Its Potential for Disease Suffers in the Most Serious Stages of Their IllnessC. Reserch Evidence That the Drug Is EffectiveD. Why the Drug Is More Effective Than Other TreatmentsE. How CML OccursF. Work Needed to Be Done to Confirm the Drug&39;s Potential

Paragraph 4.______

A. Personal Effect on One PatientB. Its Potential for Disease Suffers in the Most Serious Stages of Their IllnessC. Reserch Evidence That the Drug Is EffectiveD. Why the Drug Is More Effective Than Other TreatmentsE. How CML OccursF. Work Needed to Be Done to Confirm the Drug&39;s Potential

Paragraph 5.______

A. Personal Effect on One PatientB. Its Potential for Disease Suffers in the Most Serious Stages of Their IllnessC. Reserch Evidence That the Drug Is EffectiveD. Why the Drug Is More Effective Than Other TreatmentsE. How CML OccursF. Work Needed to Be Done to Confirm the Drug&39;s Potential

Paragraph 6.______

A. Personal Effect on One PatientB. Its Potential for Disease Suffers in the Most Serious Stages of Their IllnessC. Reserch Evidence That the Drug Is EffectiveD. Why the Drug Is More Effective Than Other TreatmentsE. How CML OccursF. Work Needed to Be Done to Confirm the Drug&39;s Potential

The evidence is strong (90% success rate) ______.

A. the success rate was much lessB. from one trialC. next yearD. severe fatigue, weight loss and depressionE. seem to be not so seriousF. harm healthy ions

Interferon treatment causes______.

A. the success rate was much lessB. from one trialC. next yearD. severe fatigue, weight loss and depressionE. seem to be not so seriousF. harm healthy ions

The drug will probably be approved _______.

A. the success rate was much lessB. from one trialC. next yearD. severe fatigue, weight loss and depressionE. seem to be not so seriousF. harm healthy ions

Side effects of the drug ______.

A. the success rate was much lessB. from one trialC. next yearD. severe fatigue, weight loss and depressionE. seem to be not so seriousF. harm healthy ions

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

A Frenchman, the psychologist Alfred Binet, published the first standardized test of human intelligence in 1905. But it was an American, Lewis Terman, a psychology professor at Stanford, who thought to divide a test taker's "mental age", as revealed by that score, by his or her chronological age to derive a number that he called the "intelligence quotient", or IQ. It would be hard to think of a pop-scientific coinage that has had a greater impact of the way people think about themselves and others.

No country embraced the IQ—and the application of IQ testing to restructure society—mote thoroughly than the U.S. Every year millions of Americans have their IQ measured, many with a direct descendant of Binet’s original test, the Stanford-Binet, although not necessarily for the purpose Binet intended. He developed his test as a way of identifying public school students who needed extra help in learning; and that is still one of its leading uses.

But the broader and more controversial use of IQ testing has its roots in a theory of intelligence—part science, part sociology—that developed in the late 19th century, before Binte's work and entirely separate from it, Championed first by Charles Darwin' s cousin Francis Galton, it held that intelligence was the most valuable human attribute, and that if people who had a lot of it could be identified and put in leadership positions, all of Society would benefit.

Terman believed IQ tests should be used to conduct a great s6rting out of the population, so that young people would be assigned on the basis of their scores to particular levels in the school system, which would lead to corresponding socioeconomic destinations in adult life. The beginning of the IQ-testing movement overlapped with the eugenics movement—hugely popular in America and Europe among the "better sort" before Hitler gave it a bad name—which held that intelligence was mostly inherited and that people-deficient in it should be discouraged from reproducing. The state sterilization that Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes notoriously endorsed in a 1927.Supreme Court decision was done with an IQ score as justification.

The American IQ promoters scored a great coup during World War I when they persuaded the Army to give IQ tests to 1.7 million inductees. It was the world's first mass administration of an intelligence test, and many of the standardized tests in use today can be traced back to it: the now ubiquitous and obsessed-over SAT(Stud), Ability Test); the Wechsler, taken by several million people a year, according to its publisher; and Terman's own National Intelligence Test, originally used in tracking elementary school children. All these tests took from the Army the basic technique of measuring intelligence mainly by asking vocabulary questions (synonyms, antonyms, analogies, reading comprehension).

According to Termon's theory, a twelve-year-old boy's mental age is 10, then his IQ number is about______.

A．0.8

B．0.9

C．1.0

D．1,2

A Frenchman, the psychologist Alfred Binet, published the first standardized test of human intelligence in 1905. But it was an American, Lewis Terman, a psychology professor at Stanford, who thought to divide a test taker's "mental age", as revealed by that score, by his or her chronological age to derive a number that he called the "intelligence quotient", or IQ. It would be hard to think of a pop-scientific coinage that has had a greater impact of the way people think about themselves and others.

No country embraced the IQ—and the application of IQ testing to restructure society—more thoroughly than the U.S. Every year millions of Americans have their IQ measured, many with a direct descendant of Binet's original test, the Stanford-Binet, although not necessarily for the purpose Binet intended. He developed his test as a way of identifying public school students who needed extra help in learning, and that is still one of its leading uses.

But the broader and more controversial use of IQ testing has its roots in a theory of intelligence—part science, part sociology—that developed in the late 19th century, before Binte's work and entirely separate from it. Championed first by Charles Darwin's cousin Francis Galton, it held that intelligence was the most valuable human attribute, and that if people who had a lot of it could be identified and put in leadership positions, ail of society would benefit.

Terman believed IQ tests should be used to conduct a great sorting out of the population, so that young people would be assigned on the basis of their scores to particular levels in the school system, which would lead to corresponding socioeconomic destinations in adult life. The beginning of the IQ-testing movement overlapped with the eugenics move- merit—hugely popular in America and Europe among the "better sort" before Hitler gave it a bad name—which held that intelligence was mostly inherited and that people-deficient in it should be discouraged from reproducing. The state sterilization that Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes notoriously endorsed in a 1927 Supreme Court decision was done with an IQ score as justification.

The American IQ promoters scored a great coup during World War I when they persuaded the Army to give IQ tests to 1.7 million inductees. It was the world's first mass administration of an intelligence test, and many of the standardized tests in use today can be traced back to it: the now ubiquitous and obsessed-over SAT(Study Ability Test); the Wechsler, taken by several million people a year, according to its publisher; and Terman's own National Intelligence Test, originally used in tracking elementary school children. All these tests took from the Army the basic technique of measuring intelligence mainly by asking vocabulary questions (synonyms, antonyms, analogies, reading comprehension).

According to Termon's theory, a twelve-year-old boy's mental age is 10,then his IQ number is about_____.

A．0.8

B．0.9

C．1.0

D．1.2

听力原文：For many years, doctors advised their patients that the only thing taking multivitamins dose is to give them expensive urine. After all, true vitamin deficiencies, such as scurvy and pellagra, are practically unheard of in industrialized countries. Now it seems those doctors may have been wrong. The results of a growing number of studies suggest that even a modest vitamin shortfall can be harmful to your health. Although proof of the benefits of multivitamin is still far from certain, the few dollars you spend on them is probably a good investment.

The speaker thinks that it is probably a good investment to spend a small amount of money on multivitamins though there is uncertain proof of their benefits.

A．正确

B．错误

Problems of College Students

Today&39;s college students are more narcissistic (自恋的 ) and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society.

"We need to stop endlessly repeating &39;You&39;re special&39; and having children repeat that back, " said the study&39;s lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. "Kids are self-centered enough already." "Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with others, " he said. The study asserts that narcissists "are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlling and violent behaviors." Twenge, the author of "Generation Me : Why Today&39;s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled--and More Miserable Than Ever Before" , said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.

Some analysts have commended today&39;s young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications.

Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced (非常明显的 ) that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. "Permissiveness seems to be a component, " he said. "A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for."

Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don&39;t necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.

Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed (气馁; 灰心) by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. "We&39;re encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody should stand in your way, " Kader said. "I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships."

Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. "People are worried about themselves--but in the sense of where they&39;re going to find a place in the world, " she said. "People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn&39;t mean they&39;re not concerned about the rest of the world."

Besides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said. "It would be more depressing if people answered, &39;No, I&39;m not special.&39;"

According to the passage， a narcissistic person may__________. 查看材料

A.hate criticism

B.be dishonest to his/her partner

C.be unwilling to help others

D.all the above

It's obvious that the author strongly believes that ______.

A．good-looking people face unexpected encounters

B．attractive people gain more advantages than unattractive ones

C．unattractive people find it hard to be expressive

D．good-looking people can get the better of other people

In Western Cultures you dont open a closed door without knocking, unless it is your own or one clearly in a public place. Or【M1】______ do you enter a private house without first being asked to come in. In many countries where much of daily life is carried on outside peoples houses, a stranger doesnt do so if he knows his manner. He stops【M2】______ just at the edge of the village, where he can be seen and heard. He coughs once or twice to attract attention for his presence. He then【M3】______ sits down to wait until the appropriate person approaches to greet him and to invite him to enter the village. Most Westerners consider it bad manners to stare at people, but a few of them are aware of the fine points of seeing and not seeing【M4】______ that are a part of the behavior. patterns in many societies. Unexpected visitors to Japanese home may be ignored by the host as he leaves【M5】______ the room to prepare himself to receive the guests. In almost all societies there are patterns of behavior. connecting【M6】______ with the giving and receiving of gifts, and there are occasions which【M7】______ gift giving becomes for all practical purposes necessary. In many societies, hosts present gifts to arrived guests, who give gifts in return,【M8】______ or the procedure may be reversed, with the guest offering the first gift. It may be extremely important that a return gift is as good as or【M9】______ better than the one received, but on no circumstances should it be【M10】______ given in such a way as to appear to be a payment.

【M1】