Dreams are said to be the window to the mind. Through the study of dreams, we can catch gl

Dreams are said to be the window to the mind. Through the study of dreams, we can catch glimpses into what our subconscious minds are thinking, or what is troubling us at our deepest levels. Not all dreams me the same, however, either in content or in meaning. In this respect, the study of bad dreams, nightmares, can yield interesting observations in regard to the mind and status of the dreamer. Indeed, nightmares appear to have been the subject of far more studies than more pleasant dreams, if for no other reason that while pleasant dreams are easily forgotten upon awakening, nightmares tend to linger in our minds is sufficient to demand attention.

The sources of our dreams are most commonly attributed to factors in our waking lives. Whether it be emotional challenges, stress in the workplace, relationship problems or a myriad of other possible factors, the thoughts and feelings created in our waking environments are believed to directly influence the content of our dreams. A particular dramatic or traumatic experience during the day would no doubt be encountered again in some form. or another during the night.

Just as important as actual events in the determination of the content of our dreams are the preexisting beliefs that we hold. If we encounter some kind of phenomena in our dreams, it is very likely that we already believed in the possibility of the phenomena before the dream. For example, if someone dreams of being abducted by aliens, it's very likely that, before the dream, he already believed in the existence of aliens. To the extent that dreams are direct reflections of our minds, they will reflect accurately what we believe and hold to be true.

The way that we act in dreams bears consideration as well. Oftentimes, our behavior. in our dreams reflects hidden desires for that type of behavior. in our waking lives. Someone who dreams of revenge may actually desire revenge in real life, and likewise someone who dreams of adventure night after night may be experiencing his mind playing out a desire for more excitement in his everyday life.

While the items encountered in our dreams are of great importance in the analysis of dreams, it must be recognized and understood that the same item in two different dreams can easily have entirely different meanings for the two dreamers. For example, a home in the dreams of an avid equestrian can signify comfort and relaxation, whereas the same home in the dreams of a hunter can represent excitement and challenge.

Nightmares are mentioned in paragraph 1 in order to______.

A．give an introduction to the main subject of the text

B．give an example of one particularly vivid type of dream

C．provide a justification for the study of dreams

D．illustrate the value of analyzing dreams

【T9】

A.INTENSELY

B.DURING

C.WAKE UP A.TRY TO【T7】______JUST ENOUGH

B.WORKING THROUGH NEGATIVE FEELINGS GENERATED【T8】______THE DAY

C.THESE【T9】______POWERFUL MENTAL EVENTS OF ALL THE COMPONENTS OF A GOOD NIGHT"S SLEEP, DREAMS SEEM TO BE LEAST WITHIN OUR CONTROL.IN DREAMS, A WINDOW OPENS INTO A WORLD WHERE LOGIC IS SUSPENDED AND DEAD PEOPLE SPEA

K.A CENTURY AGO, FREUD FORMULATED THIS REVOLUTIONARY THEORY THAT DREAMS WERE THE DISGUISED SHADOWS OF OUR UNCONSCIOUS DESIRES AND FEARS; BY THE LATE 1970S, NEUROLOGISTS HAD SWITCHED TO THINKING OF THEM AS JUST "MENTAL NOISE" —THE RANDOM BYPRODUCTS OF THE NEURALREPAIR WORK THAT GOES ON DURING SLEEP.NOW RESEARCHERS SUSPECT THAT DREAMS ARE PART OF THE MIND"S EMOTIONAL THERMOSTAT, REGULATING MOODS WHILE THE BRAIN IS "OFF-LINE".AND ONE LEADING AUTHORITY SAYS THAT【T10】______CAN BE NOT ONLY HARNESSED BUT TO HELP US SLEEP ANDFEEL BETTER."IT"S YOUR DREAM, " SAYS ROSALIND CARTWRIGHT, CHAIR OF PSYCHOLOGY AT CHICAGO"S MEDICAL CENTER, "IF YOU DON"T LIKE IT, CHANGE IT." EVIDENCE FROM BRAIN IMAGING SUPPORTS THIS VIEW.THE BRAIN IS AS ACTIVE DURING REM (RAPID EYE MOVEMENT) SLEEP—WHEN MOST VIVID DREAMS OCCUR—AS IT IS WHEN FULLY AWAKE, SAYS DR.ERIC NOFZINGER AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURG

H.BUT NOT ALL PARTS OF THE BRAIN ARE EQUALLY INVOLVED; THE LIMBIC SYSTEM ( THE "EMOTIONAL BRAIN" ) IS SPECIALLY ACTIVE, WHILE THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (THE CENTER OF INTELLECT AND REASONING ) IS RELATIVELY QUIET."WE WAKE UP FROM DREAMS HAPPY OR DEPRESSED, AND THOSE FEELINGS CAN STAY WITH US ALL DAY," SAYS STANFORD SLEEP RESEARCHER DR.WILLIAM DEMENT. THE LINK BETWEEN DREAMS AND EMOTIONS SHOWS UP AMONG THE PATIENTS IN CARTWRIGHT"S CLINI

C.MOST PEOPLE SEEM TO HAVE MORE BAD DREAMS EARLY IN THE NIGHT, PROGRESSING TOWARD HAPPIER ONES BEFORE AWAKENING, SUGGESTING THAT THEY ARE【T11】______.BECAUSE OUR CONSCIOUS MIND IS OCCUPIED WITH DAILY LIFE WE DON"T ALWAYS THINK ABOUT THE EMOTIONAL SIGNIFI-CANCE OF THE DAY"S EVENTS—UNTIL, IT APPEARS, WE BEGIN TO DREA

M. AND THIS PROCESS NEED NOT BE LEFT TO THE UNCONSCIOUS.CARTWRIGHT BELIEVES ONE CAN EXERCISE CONSCIOUS CONTROL OVER RECURRING BAD DREAMS.AS SOON AS YOU AWAKEN, IDENTIFY WHAT IS UPSETTING ABOUT THE DREA

M.VISUALIZE HOW YOU WOULD LIKE IT TO END INSTEAD; THE NEXT TIME IT OCCURS,【T12】_______TO CONTROL ITS COURS

E.WITH MUCH PRACTICE PEOPLE CAN LEARN TO, LITERALLY, DO IT IN THEIR SLEEP.

【T7】

A.INTENSELY

B.DURING

C.WAKE UP A.TRY TO【T7】______JUST ENOUGH

B.WORKING THROUGH NEGATIVE FEELINGS GENERATED【T8】______THE DAY

C.THESE【T9】______POWERFUL MENTAL EVENTS OF ALL THE COMPONENTS OF A GOOD NIGHT"S SLEEP, DREAMS SEEM TO BE LEAST WITHIN OUR CONTROL.IN DREAMS, A WINDOW OPENS INTO A WORLD WHERE LOGIC IS SUSPENDED AND DEAD PEOPLE SPEA

K.A CENTURY AGO, FREUD FORMULATED THIS REVOLUTIONARY THEORY THAT DREAMS WERE THE DISGUISED SHADOWS OF OUR UNCONSCIOUS DESIRES AND FEARS; BY THE LATE 1970S, NEUROLOGISTS HAD SWITCHED TO THINKING OF THEM AS JUST "MENTAL NOISE" —THE RANDOM BYPRODUCTS OF THE NEURALREPAIR WORK THAT GOES ON DURING SLEEP.NOW RESEARCHERS SUSPECT THAT DREAMS ARE PART OF THE MIND"S EMOTIONAL THERMOSTAT, REGULATING MOODS WHILE THE BRAIN IS "OFF-LINE".AND ONE LEADING AUTHORITY SAYS THAT【T10】______CAN BE NOT ONLY HARNESSED BUT TO HELP US SLEEP ANDFEEL BETTER."IT"S YOUR DREAM, " SAYS ROSALIND CARTWRIGHT, CHAIR OF PSYCHOLOGY AT CHICAGO"S MEDICAL CENTER, "IF YOU DON"T LIKE IT, CHANGE IT." EVIDENCE FROM BRAIN IMAGING SUPPORTS THIS VIEW.THE BRAIN IS AS ACTIVE DURING REM (RAPID EYE MOVEMENT) SLEEP—WHEN MOST VIVID DREAMS OCCUR—AS IT IS WHEN FULLY AWAKE, SAYS DR.ERIC NOFZINGER AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURG

H.BUT NOT ALL PARTS OF THE BRAIN ARE EQUALLY INVOLVED; THE LIMBIC SYSTEM ( THE "EMOTIONAL BRAIN" ) IS SPECIALLY ACTIVE, WHILE THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (THE CENTER OF INTELLECT AND REASONING ) IS RELATIVELY QUIET."WE WAKE UP FROM DREAMS HAPPY OR DEPRESSED, AND THOSE FEELINGS CAN STAY WITH US ALL DAY," SAYS STANFORD SLEEP RESEARCHER DR.WILLIAM DEMENT. THE LINK BETWEEN DREAMS AND EMOTIONS SHOWS UP AMONG THE PATIENTS IN CARTWRIGHT"S CLINI

C.MOST PEOPLE SEEM TO HAVE MORE BAD DREAMS EARLY IN THE NIGHT, PROGRESSING TOWARD HAPPIER ONES BEFORE AWAKENING, SUGGESTING THAT THEY ARE【T11】______.BECAUSE OUR CONSCIOUS MIND IS OCCUPIED WITH DAILY LIFE WE DON"T ALWAYS THINK ABOUT THE EMOTIONAL SIGNIFI-CANCE OF THE DAY"S EVENTS—UNTIL, IT APPEARS, WE BEGIN TO DREA

M. AND THIS PROCESS NEED NOT BE LEFT TO THE UNCONSCIOUS.CARTWRIGHT BELIEVES ONE CAN EXERCISE CONSCIOUS CONTROL OVER RECURRING BAD DREAMS.AS SOON AS YOU AWAKEN, IDENTIFY WHAT IS UPSETTING ABOUT THE DREA

M.VISUALIZE HOW YOU WOULD LIKE IT TO END INSTEAD; THE NEXT TIME IT OCCURS,【T12】_______TO CONTROL ITS COURS

E.WITH MUCH PRACTICE PEOPLE CAN LEARN TO, LITERALLY, DO IT IN THEIR SLEEP.

【T8】

A.INTENSELY

B.DURING

C.WAKE UP A.TRY TO【T7】______JUST ENOUGH

B.WORKING THROUGH NEGATIVE FEELINGS GENERATED【T8】______THE DAY

C.THESE【T9】______POWERFUL MENTAL EVENTS OF ALL THE COMPONENTS OF A GOOD NIGHT"S SLEEP, DREAMS SEEM TO BE LEAST WITHIN OUR CONTROL.IN DREAMS, A WINDOW OPENS INTO A WORLD WHERE LOGIC IS SUSPENDED AND DEAD PEOPLE SPEA

K.A CENTURY AGO, FREUD FORMULATED THIS REVOLUTIONARY THEORY THAT DREAMS WERE THE DISGUISED SHADOWS OF OUR UNCONSCIOUS DESIRES AND FEARS; BY THE LATE 1970S, NEUROLOGISTS HAD SWITCHED TO THINKING OF THEM AS JUST "MENTAL NOISE" —THE RANDOM BYPRODUCTS OF THE NEURALREPAIR WORK THAT GOES ON DURING SLEEP.NOW RESEARCHERS SUSPECT THAT DREAMS ARE PART OF THE MIND"S EMOTIONAL THERMOSTAT, REGULATING MOODS WHILE THE BRAIN IS "OFF-LINE".AND ONE LEADING AUTHORITY SAYS THAT【T10】______CAN BE NOT ONLY HARNESSED BUT TO HELP US SLEEP ANDFEEL BETTER."IT"S YOUR DREAM, " SAYS ROSALIND CARTWRIGHT, CHAIR OF PSYCHOLOGY AT CHICAGO"S MEDICAL CENTER, "IF YOU DON"T LIKE IT, CHANGE IT." EVIDENCE FROM BRAIN IMAGING SUPPORTS THIS VIEW.THE BRAIN IS AS ACTIVE DURING REM (RAPID EYE MOVEMENT) SLEEP—WHEN MOST VIVID DREAMS OCCUR—AS IT IS WHEN FULLY AWAKE, SAYS DR.ERIC NOFZINGER AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURG

H.BUT NOT ALL PARTS OF THE BRAIN ARE EQUALLY INVOLVED; THE LIMBIC SYSTEM ( THE "EMOTIONAL BRAIN" ) IS SPECIALLY ACTIVE, WHILE THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (THE CENTER OF INTELLECT AND REASONING ) IS RELATIVELY QUIET."WE WAKE UP FROM DREAMS HAPPY OR DEPRESSED, AND THOSE FEELINGS CAN STAY WITH US ALL DAY," SAYS STANFORD SLEEP RESEARCHER DR.WILLIAM DEMENT. THE LINK BETWEEN DREAMS AND EMOTIONS SHOWS UP AMONG THE PATIENTS IN CARTWRIGHT"S CLINI

C.MOST PEOPLE SEEM TO HAVE MORE BAD DREAMS EARLY IN THE NIGHT, PROGRESSING TOWARD HAPPIER ONES BEFORE AWAKENING, SUGGESTING THAT THEY ARE【T11】______.BECAUSE OUR CONSCIOUS MIND IS OCCUPIED WITH DAILY LIFE WE DON"T ALWAYS THINK ABOUT THE EMOTIONAL SIGNIFI-CANCE OF THE DAY"S EVENTS—UNTIL, IT APPEARS, WE BEGIN TO DREA

M. AND THIS PROCESS NEED NOT BE LEFT TO THE UNCONSCIOUS.CARTWRIGHT BELIEVES ONE CAN EXERCISE CONSCIOUS CONTROL OVER RECURRING BAD DREAMS.AS SOON AS YOU AWAKEN, IDENTIFY WHAT IS UPSETTING ABOUT THE DREA

M.VISUALIZE HOW YOU WOULD LIKE IT TO END INSTEAD; THE NEXT TIME IT OCCURS,【T12】_______TO CONTROL ITS COURS

E.WITH MUCH PRACTICE PEOPLE CAN LEARN TO, LITERALLY, DO IT IN THEIR SLEEP.

【T10】

A.INTENSELY

B.DURING

C.WAKE UP A.TRY TO【T7】______JUST ENOUGH

B.WORKING THROUGH NEGATIVE FEELINGS GENERATED【T8】______THE DAY

C.THESE【T9】______POWERFUL MENTAL EVENTS OF ALL THE COMPONENTS OF A GOOD NIGHT"S SLEEP, DREAMS SEEM TO BE LEAST WITHIN OUR CONTROL.IN DREAMS, A WINDOW OPENS INTO A WORLD WHERE LOGIC IS SUSPENDED AND DEAD PEOPLE SPEA

K.A CENTURY AGO, FREUD FORMULATED THIS REVOLUTIONARY THEORY THAT DREAMS WERE THE DISGUISED SHADOWS OF OUR UNCONSCIOUS DESIRES AND FEARS; BY THE LATE 1970S, NEUROLOGISTS HAD SWITCHED TO THINKING OF THEM AS JUST "MENTAL NOISE" —THE RANDOM BYPRODUCTS OF THE NEURALREPAIR WORK THAT GOES ON DURING SLEEP.NOW RESEARCHERS SUSPECT THAT DREAMS ARE PART OF THE MIND"S EMOTIONAL THERMOSTAT, REGULATING MOODS WHILE THE BRAIN IS "OFF-LINE".AND ONE LEADING AUTHORITY SAYS THAT【T10】______CAN BE NOT ONLY HARNESSED BUT TO HELP US SLEEP ANDFEEL BETTER."IT"S YOUR DREAM, " SAYS ROSALIND CARTWRIGHT, CHAIR OF PSYCHOLOGY AT CHICAGO"S MEDICAL CENTER, "IF YOU DON"T LIKE IT, CHANGE IT." EVIDENCE FROM BRAIN IMAGING SUPPORTS THIS VIEW.THE BRAIN IS AS ACTIVE DURING REM (RAPID EYE MOVEMENT) SLEEP—WHEN MOST VIVID DREAMS OCCUR—AS IT IS WHEN FULLY AWAKE, SAYS DR.ERIC NOFZINGER AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURG

H.BUT NOT ALL PARTS OF THE BRAIN ARE EQUALLY INVOLVED; THE LIMBIC SYSTEM ( THE "EMOTIONAL BRAIN" ) IS SPECIALLY ACTIVE, WHILE THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (THE CENTER OF INTELLECT AND REASONING ) IS RELATIVELY QUIET."WE WAKE UP FROM DREAMS HAPPY OR DEPRESSED, AND THOSE FEELINGS CAN STAY WITH US ALL DAY," SAYS STANFORD SLEEP RESEARCHER DR.WILLIAM DEMENT. THE LINK BETWEEN DREAMS AND EMOTIONS SHOWS UP AMONG THE PATIENTS IN CARTWRIGHT"S CLINI

C.MOST PEOPLE SEEM TO HAVE MORE BAD DREAMS EARLY IN THE NIGHT, PROGRESSING TOWARD HAPPIER ONES BEFORE AWAKENING, SUGGESTING THAT THEY ARE【T11】______.BECAUSE OUR CONSCIOUS MIND IS OCCUPIED WITH DAILY LIFE WE DON"T ALWAYS THINK ABOUT THE EMOTIONAL SIGNIFI-CANCE OF THE DAY"S EVENTS—UNTIL, IT APPEARS, WE BEGIN TO DREA

M. AND THIS PROCESS NEED NOT BE LEFT TO THE UNCONSCIOUS.CARTWRIGHT BELIEVES ONE CAN EXERCISE CONSCIOUS CONTROL OVER RECURRING BAD DREAMS.AS SOON AS YOU AWAKEN, IDENTIFY WHAT IS UPSETTING ABOUT THE DREA

M.VISUALIZE HOW YOU WOULD LIKE IT TO END INSTEAD; THE NEXT TIME IT OCCURS,【T12】_______TO CONTROL ITS COURS

E.WITH MUCH PRACTICE PEOPLE CAN LEARN TO, LITERALLY, DO IT IN THEIR SLEEP.

Text 3

Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”

Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.

The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to dream.

And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we waken up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.

31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.

[A] can be modified in their courses

[B] are susceptible to emotional changes

[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears

[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs

Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, "It's your dream", says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center, "If you don't like it, change it".

Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh, But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the "emotional brain") is especially active, while the pre frontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day", says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.

The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events—until, it appears, we begin to dream.

And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recur ring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of "we wake up in a panic", Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you'll feel better in the morning.

Researchers have come to believe that dreams ______.

A．can be modified in their courses

B．are susceptible to emotional changes

C．reflect our innermost desires and fears

D．are a random outcome of neural repairs

Goal Trimmer

Utopias are supposed to be dreams of the future. But the American Utopia? Lately it's a dream that was, a twilit memory of the Golden Age between V-$ day and OPEC, when even a blue-collar paycheck bought a place in the middle class. The promise of paradise regained has become a key to the Democratic Party pitch; Mickey Kaus, a senior editor of the New Republic, says the Democrats are wasting their time. As the U. S. enters a world where only the highly skilled and well educated will make a decent living, the gap between rich and poor is going to keep growing. No fiddling with the tax code, retreat to protectionism or job training for jobs that aren't there is going to stop it. Income equality is a hopeless cause in the U. S. "Liberalism would be less depressing if it had a more attainable end" Kaus writes," a goal short of money equality." Liberal Democrats should embrace an aim he calls civic equality. If government can' t bring everyone into the middle class, let it expand the areas of life in which everyone, regardless of income, receives the same treatment. National health care, improved public schools. universal national service and government financing of nearly all election campaigns, which would freeze out special-interest money—there are the unobjectionable components of his enlarged public sphere.

Kaus is right to fear the hardening of class lines, but wrong to think the stresses can be relieved without a continuing effort to boost income for the bottom half." No, we can't tell them they'll be rich," he admits." Or even comfortably well off. But we eau offer them at least material minimum and a good shot at climbing up, the ladder. And we can offer them respect." And what might they offer back? The Bronx had a rude cheer for it. A good chunk of the Democratic core constituency would probably peel off. At the center of Kaus' book is a thoughtful but no less risky proposal to dynamite welfare. He rightly understands how fear and loathing of the chronically unemployed underclass have encouraged middle income Americans to flee from everyone below them on the class gale. The only way to eliminate welfare dependency, Kaus maintains, is by cutting off checks for. all able-bodied recipients, including single mothers with children. He would have government provide them instead with jobs that pay slightly less than the minimum wage, earned-income tax credits to nudge them over the poverty line, drug counseling, job training and, if necessary, day care for their children. Kaus doesn't sell this as social policy on the cheap. He expects it would cost up to $ 59 billion a year more than the $ 23 billion already spent annually on welfare in the U. S. And he knows it would be politically perilous, because he suggests paying for the plan by raiding Social Security funds and trimming benefits for upper-income retirees, Yet he considers if money well spent it would undo the knot of chronic poverty and help foster class rapprochement. And it would be too. But one advantage of being an author is that you only ask people to listen to you, not to vote for you.

According to Mickey Kaus, which of the following is NOT true?

A．Methods like evading income tax or providing more chances for job training might help reduce the existing inequality.

B．The Democratic Party is spreading propaganda that they could regain the lost paradise.

C．Americans once had a period of time when they could obtain middle-class status easily.

D．Income inequality results from the fact that society needs more and more workers who have a high skill and a good education.

Goal Trimmer

Utopias are supposed to be dreams of the future. But the American Utopia? Lately it’s a dream that was, a twilit memory of the Golden Age between V-J day and OPEC, when even a blue-collar paycheck bought a place in the middle class. The promise of paradise regained has become a key to the Democratic Party pitch. Mickey Kaus, a senior editor of the New Republic, says the Democrats are wasting their time. As the U. S. enters a world where only the highly skilled and well educated will make a decent living, the gap between rich and poor is going to keep growing. No fiddling with the tax code, retreat to protectionism or job training for jobs that aren't there is going to stop it. Income equality is a hopeless cause in the U. S. "Liberalism would be less depressing if it had a more attainable end." Kaus writes," a goal short of money equality." Liberal Democrats should embrace an aim he calls civic equality. If government can’t bring everyone into the middle class, let it expand the areas of life in which everyone, regardless of income, receives the same treatment, National health care, improved public schools, universal national service and government financing of nearly all election campaigns, which would freeze out special-interest money --there are the unobjectionable components of his enlarged public sphere.

Kaus is right to fear the hardening of class lines, but wrong to think the stresses can be relieved without a continuing effort to boost income for the bottom half." No, we can’t tell them they'll be rich," he admits." Or even comfortably well off. But we can offer them at least a material minimum and a good shot at climbing up the ladder. And we can offer them respect." And what might they offer back? The Bronx had a rude cheer for it. A good chunk of the Democratic core constituency would probably peel off. At the center of Kaus' book is a thoughtful but no less risky proposal to dynamite welfare. He rightly understands how fear and loathing of the chronically unemployed underclass have encouraged middle income Americans to flee from everyone below them on the class scale. The only way to eliminate welfare dependency, Kaus maintains, is by cutting off checks for all able-bodied recipients, including single mothers with children. He would have government provide them instead with jobs that pay slightly less than the minimum wage, earned-income tax credits to nudge them over the poverty line, drug counseling, job training and, if necessary, day care for their children. Kaus doesn't sell this as social policy on the cheap. He expects it would cost up to $ 59 billion a year more than the $ 23 billion already spent annually on welfare in the U. S. And he knows it would be politically perilous, because he suggests paying for the plan by raiding Social Security funds and trimming benefits for upper-income retirees. Yet he considers if money well spent it would undo the knot of chronic poverty and help foster class rapprochement. And it would be too. But one advantage of being an author is that you only ask people to listen to you, not to vote for you.

According to Mickey Kaus, which of the following is NOT true?

A．Methods like evading income tax or providing more chances for job training might help reduce the existing inequality.

B．The Democratic Party is spreading propaganda that they could regain the lost paradise.

C．Americans once had a period of time when they could obtain middle-class status easily.

D．Income inequality results from the fact that society needs more and more workers who have a high skill and a good education.

听力原文： Robert Goddard, American physicist and rocket scientist, once said that the dream of yesterday is the hope of today and the reality of tomorrow. It was his scientific work that gave hope to many of our dreams about space and then turned them into reality.

Robert Goddard's many studies and tests in the early 1900s led to the first rocket. Then he developed rockets with more than one engine. Each engine pushed the rocket higher and higher out of Earth's atmosphere. His ideas are still used today.So, in a way, every rocket that flies today is a Goddard rocket.

Robert Goddard was far ahead of his time. He developed and flew many rockets that got their power from solid fuels. Then, in 1925, he made and tested the first rocket engine using a soft chemical fuel. In 1926, he successfully fired the world's first liquid-fuel rocket.

Robert Goddard died in 1945 of cancer. He was sixty-three years old. He received a special honor many years after his death. In 1959, the United States established the Goddard Space Flight Center near Washington, D.C. The Goddard Space Flight Center honors the man whose work proved that machines could travel out of Earth's atmosphere, into space.

(23)

A．An airplane designer.

B．A science fiction writer.

C．The inventor of rockets.

D．A famous theoretical physicist.