To be "historically minded" is to see things in relation and in perspective, and to judge

The True Historian

To be "historically minded" is to see things in relation and in perspective, and to judge tolerantly. We must remember how differently men have thought and acted in different time. We must always keep an open mind, ready to receive and weigh new evidence. If we grasp this idea, we will never think that a historian(历史学家) is someone who can remember dates. That childish idea is like calling a man a statesman (政治家) because be can remember the names of voters in his district. A waiter could remember more names and a telephone operator more numbers than the greatest historian.

The true historian is not content to take all his facts from other historians. Today he makes sure his statements are based on sound "documents" or "sources" which go back to the time of the facts themselves.

But the historian needs always to be in his guard not to be misled by his sources. A document may not be a real one. Its author may be lying on purpose for some reason. He may be so greatly influenced by national, religious, party, or personal backgrounds as to be totally unfair to the other side. If honest, he may be misinformed as to the facts and mistaken in his inferences.

Anyone who reads the accounts published in the different countries concerning the causes and results of wars will realize that the historian needs caution and training in handling these sources. The trained historian asks first: "Did this writer mean to tell the truth?" and second: "Was he in a position or frame. of mind to tell the truth even if he wants to?" Every statement must be patiently weighed and tested and combined with all other available information in order to get at the truth.

A "historically minded" researcher ______.

A．always keeps an open mind to history

B．looks at one historical event without relating it to another

C．sees things from a single point of view

D．refuses to accept new evidence

根据下列短文，回答下列各题。 Like most people, Ive long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, I was disappointed to see that it also decides how Im treated as a person. Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid to serve food to people, I had customers say and do things to me I suspect theyd never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned (示意) me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where Id been. I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like apeon (勤杂工) by plenty of people. But at 19 years old, I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day Id be sitting at their table, waiting to be served. Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked--cordially. I soon found out differently. I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me. My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry. Its no secret that theres a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didnt get the difference between server and servant. Im now applying to graduate school, which means someday Ill return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think Ill take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them. The author was disappointed to find that _______.

A.ones position is used as a gauge to measure ones intelligence

B.talented people like her should fail to get a respectable job

C.ones occupation affects the way one is treated as a person

D.professionals tend to look down upon manual workers

A (n) ___________ attitude to life, that is to see the bright side of the life, is usually rewarding.

A．indifferent

B．vulgar

C．optimistic

D．eccentric

Leaving to go college was my very first time away from home, and it took a lot of adjusting to view __76__ . I didn’t have my mom right by my side anymore and I needed to become more independent on doing things __77__ . Adjusting to a new city, community, and school was a __78__ because I was used to being in my own city, with my old friends, at my old school. At first __79__ I thought about getting out of the house and going to school, I didn’t realize that it would take so much __80__ . I’m used to having my own room at home, but when I went away to college I had to share a room with a total stranger. We are friends but are __81__ different. I had to get used to her TV being on at night, listening to loud music, and __82__ bedtime schedules. Although we are different, we have become close friends __83__ she is the person that I spend all of my time with. We talk about everything, __84__ our belongings, and help each other out. It is __85__ to believe that I am so close to a person that was a total stranger less than two months ago.

76选()

A.things

B.circumstances

C.matters

D.surroundings

Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye's new book. Mr. Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power", based on persuasion and influences, as a counterpoint to "hard power", based on coercion (强迫) and force.

Mr. Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved." In short, hard power is preferable to soft power. But modern leadership theories have come to the opposite conclusion.

The context of leadership is changing, they observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modern companies and democracies, power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies (等级制) are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion, Mr. Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, his survey of the theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls "smart power", is the best approach.

The domination theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently, the "transformational leadership pattern". Mr. Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slim volume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, both historical and contemporary, political and corporate.

Leadership is a slippery(狡猾的) subject, and as he depicts(描述) various theories, even Mr. Nye never quite nails the jerry to the wall. He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership—in particular, the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie—and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions. A recurring theme is that as circumstances change, different sorts of leaders are required, a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.

According to the passage, the reason why Mr. Nye is so popular is that ______.

A．he advocates that leaders should be feared

B．he advocates the importance of persuasion and influence

C．he was once the leader of Harvard

D．he thinks that coercion should give way to persuasion

A university training enables a graduate to see things as they are, to go right to the point, to disentangle a ______ of thought.

A．line

B．strand

C．mass

D．plethora

E．skein

The way to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is mainly to see their origins as well as sense relatedness.()

Task 2

Directions: This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 41 through 45.

The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We ail enjoy our freedom of choice and don't like to see it restricted. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we eau smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary lifestyle. without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.

A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior. is usually one of personal choices. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They suggested that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior. that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality (活力) and longevity (寿命).

The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because______.

A．personal health choices help cure most illnesses

B．it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge

C．it is essential to personal freedom in American society

D．wrong decisions could lead to poor health