The WHO provides leadership for targeted global health initiatives such as the successful campaign which led to the elimination of smallpox_________.

In addition to their military role, the forts of the nineteenth century provided numerous other benefits for the American West. The establishment of these posts opened new roads and provided for the protection of daring adventurers and expeditions as well as established settlers. Forts also served as bases where entrepreneurs could bring commerce to the West, providing supplies and refreshments to soldiers as well as to pioneers. Posts like Fort Laramie provided sup plies for wagon trains traveling the natural highways toward new frontiers. Some posts became stations for the pony express; still others, such as Fort Davies, were stagecoach stops for weary travelers. All of these functions, of course, suggest that the contributions of the form. to the civilization and development of the West extended beyond patrol duty.

Through the establishment of military posts, yet other contributions were made to the development of western culture. Many posts maintained libraries or reading rooms, and some had schools. Post chapels provided a setting for religious services and weddings. Throughout the wilderness, post hands provided entertainment and boosted morale. During the last part of the nineteenth century, to reduce expenses, gardening was encouraged at the forts, thus making experimental agriculture another activity of the military. The military stationed at the various forts also played a role in civilian life by assisting in maintaining order, and civilian officials often called on the army for protection.

Certainly, among other significant contributions the army made to the improvement of the conditions of life was the investigation of the relationships among health, climate, and architecture. From the earliest colonial times throughout the nineteenth century, disease ranked as the foremost problem in defense. It slowed construction of forts and inhibited their military function. Official documents from many regions contained innumerable reports of sickness that virtually incapacitated entire army. In response to the problems, detailed observations of architecture and climate and their relationships to the frequency of the occurrence of various diseases were recorded at various posts across the nation by military surgeons.

Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

A．By the nineteenth century, forts were no longer used by the military.

B．Surgeons at forts could not prevent outbreaks of disease.

C．Forts were important to the development of the American West.

D．Life in nineteenthcentury forts was very rough.

According to the author, in which decade of the nineteenth century did a steamship first attempt to compete with the transatlantic packets?

A．The twenties.

B．The thirties.

C．The forties.

D．The fifties.

In addition to their military role, the foals of the nineteenth century provided numerous other benefits for the American West. Tile establishment of these posts opened new roads and provided for the protection of daring adventurers and expeditions as well as established settlers. Forts also served as bases where enterprising entrepreneurs could bring commerce to the West, providing supplies and refreshments to soldiers as well 'as to pioneers. Posts like Fort Laramie provided supplies for wagon trains traveling the natural highways toward new frontiers. Some posts became stations for the pony express; still others, such as Fort Davis, were stagecoach stops for weary travelers. All of these functions, of course, suggest that the contributions of the forts to the civilization and development of the West extended beyond patrol duty.

Through the establishment of military posts, yet other contributions were made to the development of western culture. Many posts maintained libraries or reading rooms, and some--for example, Fort Davis--had schools. Post chapels provided a setting for religious services and weddings. Throughout the wilderness, post bands provided entertainment and boosted morale. During the last part of the nineteenth century, to reduce expenses, gardening was encouraged at the forts, thus making experimental agriculture became another activity of the military. The military stationed at the various forts also played a role in civilian life by assisting in maintaining order, and civilian officials often called on the army for protection.

Certainly, among other significant contributions the army made to the improvement of the conditions of life was the investigation of the relationships among health, climate, and architecture. From the earliest colonial times throughout the nineteenth century, disease ranked as the foremost problem in defense. It slowed construction of forts and inhibited their military function. Official documents from many regions contained innumerable reports of sickness that virtually incapacitated entire garrisons. In response to the problems, detailed observations of architecture and climate and their relationships to the frequency of the occurrence of various diseases were recorded at various posts across the nation by military surgeons.

Which of the following would a traveler be LEAST likely to obtain at Fort Laramie?

A．Fresh water.

B．Food.

C．Formal clothing.

D．Lodging.

The most important role for government in creating the conditions for commercial innovation is to support universities in their efforts to generate research and provide manpower. The most crucial issue we face is a lack of skilled manpower, a shortage of faculty in universities for training that manpower, and a deteriorating research capability in our great universities because of the shortages of both faculty and modern equipment for instruction and for research.

American industry today simply cannot get enough of the people it needs in such fields as microelectronics, artificial intelligence, communications, and computer science. The universities are not turning out enough R85) (research and development) people in these areas, or enough research faculty. There is little that private companies can do about fids. We contribute to the support of universities, but industry will never be able to meet more than a small fraction of university R & D funding needs. Even after a decade of steady increasing industry support for universities, industries provide only about 5 percent of total university R&D funding.

Congress is considering additional incentives for industry support of universities, but the fact remains that the primary responsibility for ensuring a strong, healthy academic research system and thereby for providing an adequate supply of research and skilled people must rest with the federal government.

There is wide agreement that the federal government should support the universities, and, in fact, federal basic research obligations to universities and colleges, measured in constant dollars, have grown by more than 25 percent over the past three years. But this is only a start in filling the needs. Department of Defense fund lng of basic research, for example, has only in the past two years returned to the level, measured in constant dollars, that it was in 1970.

Universities have had to compete with the national laboratories for the Department of Energy’s research dollars. When research is fund at a university, not only does the research get down, but also students are trained, facilities are upgraded, faculty and students get more support, and thereby better faculty and students are attracted. Moreover, the students that go into industry help in the transition of advanced research into concepts for industrial innovation. When the same research is funded at a national laboratory, most of the educational dividends are lost.

Universities should not have to compete head on with national laboratories for mission agency funds. Un less the national laboratory will do a substantially better research job, the university should get the funds. The same holds for government funding of research in industry. Those funds that advocates of industrial of policy propose to invest in government-directed industrial R&D would normally be much better spent in universities, unless there is a special reason why an industrial laboratory can do it much, much better.

I am not proposing that we simply throw money at universities. We need to be selective. To borrow a phrase from the industrial policy advocates, the government should stress the growth of "sunrise science and technology. "Unlike the targeting of sunrise industries, the targeting of-that is, fast moving-areas of research can be done. We can identify these technologies, even if we cannot specify in advance precisely what products or industries they will generate. But we arc not doing this as weft as we can and should. In micro electronics, for example, a study by the Thomas Group, a Silicon Valley consulting firm, concludes that government support of university microelectronics programs totaled only about $100 million between 1980 and 1982. To put that into perspective, the Department of Energy's program expense for just one unproved, highly speculative energy technique, magnetically contained fusion, was $ 295 million in

A．Universities are deteriorating in their training capability.

B．The federal government has not given adequate support to universities.

C．American industry provides only about 5 percent of total university R&D funding.

D．universities cannot keep up with the rapid development in industry.

Wllich of the following is NoT cited as all example of the mayor’S support for tall buildhags?

A. Drivers were charged a toll to enter the city on weekdays．

B. A 40．story tower was completed this year．

C. A handful other tall buildings have received the planning permission．

D. A dozen more tall buildings have been proposed．

Passage Two

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.

①The threat of a global outbreak (疾病大爆发) of bird flu makes it urgent for the international community to cooperate effectively. Wealthy countries will have to provide hundreds of millions of dollars for the testing and production of medicines necessary for treating patients suffering from bird flu. Developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia, where the bird flu virus (病毒) has spread since 1997, must work out special programs so that farmers will not hide signs of possible outbreaks. In addition, the way such farm birds as chickens and ducks are traditionally raised and marketed in the developing world should be changed; there should be more distance between the birds and their keepers. Countries should deal with the disease with joint effort. If one country is inadequately prepared, it will be a threat to every other country.

②The potential effects of a national outbreak of bird flu are enormous. Firstly, an outbreak may kill large numbers of people. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that an outbreak similar to the mild Hong Kong flu of 1968 could kill as many as 7.4 millions people. If it were as dangerous as the 1918 Spanish flu, which killed 50 million, the number would be much higher. Secondly, such an outbreak may cause great financial damage. The latest outbreak of bird flu, which began in December 2003, has cost Southeast Asia more than $10 billion and depressed its GDP(gross domestic product) by 1.5 percent. If a new outbreak of bird flu were to last for a whole year, $800 billion would be lost.

③Despite the 124 human cases and 63 deaths from bird flu since December 2003, the virus remains mainly a disease of animals. However, the more animals that die of the disease, the more chances it has of spreading to people. Large numbers of dead or dying birds mean that more people will be exposed to the virus and change into a virus with new characteristics. If the international community works together efficiently, man can surely prevent such a virus and possibly save millions of lives.

26. Faced with the threat of a global outbreak of bird flu, the international community should ________.

A. establish new markets

B. work together effectively

C. stop birds from flying to other countries

D. raise fewer chickens and ducks