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Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

In the last ten years, the Internet has opened up incredible amounts of information to ordinary citizens. But using the Internet can he like walking into a library where the books are all lying on the floor in piles. While tools like Google allow some structured search, much of the data from such searches is outdated or of questionable value. Some web enthusiasts have taken up the task of organizing information through a democratic means that only the Internet allows: an encyclopedia of the people, by the people, and completely free to copy and distribute.

This ‘people’s encyclopedia’ of the Web — a free site called Wikipedia — has provided a unique solution by inviting individuals to participate in the process of rationalizing and updating web content. At the heart of this movement are wikis, web sites that allow users to directly edit any web page with one click of the mouse.

Wikipedia — the largest example of these collaborative efforts — is a functioning, user-contributed online encyclopedia that has become a popular and highly regarded reference in just three years of existence. The goal of Wikipedia was to create an encyclopedia that could he shared and copied freely while encouraging people to change and improve the content. Each and every article has an “Edit this page” button, allowing anyone, even anonymous passersby, to add or delete any content on the page. It seems like a recipe for disaster and chaos, but it has produced surprisingly credible content that has been evaluated and revised by the thousands of international visitors to the site. For many, it finally realizes the original concept of World Wide Web creator Tim Berners-Lee — an online environment where people not only browse content, but freely and actively exchange information.

The Wikipedia project was started by Jimmy Wales, head of Internet startup Bomis.com, after his original project for a volunteer, hut strictly controlled, free encyclopedia ran out of money and resources after two years. Editors with PhD degrees were at the helm of the project then, but it produced only a few hundred articles. Not wanting the content to languish, Wales placed the pages on a wiki website in January 2001 and invited any Internet visitors to edit or add to the collection.

The site became a runaway success in the first year and gained a loyal following, generating over 20,000 articles and spawning over a dozen language translations. After two years, it had 100,000 articles, and in April 2004, it exceeded 250,000 articles in English and 600,000 articles in 50 other languages. Over 2,000 new articles are added each day across all the various languages. And according to website rankings at Alexa.com, it has become more popular than traditional online encyclopedias such as Britannica.com and is one of the top 600 most heavily visited websites on the internet.

The author called Wikipedia ‘people’s encyclopedia’ because

A．it is accessible to all the passersby.

B．it can be edited by everyone.

C．it is run by ordinary people.

D．it is built to the taste of common citizens.

A．There are many other online encyclopedias.

B．The constituency is not as diverse as possible.

C．Some people have spoiled the reputation of Wikipedia.

D．The web is limited in its capability to deal with so many contributors.

Wikipedia Imposes New Curbs （约束） on Editing Articles

Wikipedia， the famous online encyclopedia， is looking to impose more discipline with new restrictions on the editing of articles.

The latest changes come as Wikipedia tries to balance a need for credibility and a desire for openness. While anyone can still edit entries， the site is testing pages that won"t register changes until they are approved by an experienced Wikipedia editor. If the site"s users respond well to the test run， the new restrictions will apply to all entries for living people in the next few weeks.

The idea is to block the kind of vandalism（ 故意破坏 ）that has damaged some pages. In one of the most recent embarrassments， US Democratic Senators Robert Byrd was prematurely declared dead by the editors. Still， Wikipedia risks discouraging legitimate editing if restrictions on changes or additions become too burdensome， keeping articles from getting better or keeping up with events.

That may be especially true on more obscure pages with fewer active volunteers to approve edits timely.Aware of the risks， Wikipedia has set the criteria for "experienced editor" status relatively low.Users who are registered for a few days can give changes， said Jay Walsh， a spokesman for the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation， which runs the site.

A more uniform. system for filtering changes on Wikipedia represents a step back from the site"s original philosophy， which called for creating the collective knowledge of volunteer editors without any major restrictions.

Some observers believe Wikipedia must continue tightening editing policies if it wants to gain credibility. "I"m just waiting for the other shoe to drop，" said Erie Goldman， director of the High Tech Law Institute at the Santa Clara University School of Law. "My hope is that Wikipedia still exists and is still considered a useful site，" Goldman said. "But it will be at that point a very tightly controlled site. It won"t have that veneer （外表） of a site that anyone can contribute to. They haven"t closed the drawbridge （吊桥） . People can still get in. But it keeps going up and up and up."

Separately， the Omidyar Network， a philanthropic （博爱的，慈善的 ） investment group started by eBay founder Pierre Omidyar， said on Tuesday it is committing $2 million over two years to the Wikimedia Foundation. Omidyar Network"s grant will support Wikimedia"s goals of bringing free educational content to people around the world and supporting more people to help create that content.

What is the latest change of Wikipedia? 查看材料

A.Now not everybody can edit entries in Wikipedia.

B.Fewer restrictions will be posed on the edition of entries.

C.Some of the pages will not register changes without the approval of an experienced editor.

D.All entries for living people will not be edited from now on.

A．More than 4,000 pages are offered for edition.

B．More than 2,400 Wikipedians work for the edition.

C．Everyone can do the revision on the web page.

D．The entries contribute to people's development.

Man: really? That's too bad. Are you feeling well?

Woman: oh, it's not bad. It's going to be a public meeting down the town hall. The state senator from this area is going to be there. She has this meeting three or four times a year to speak with her constituency.

Man: is that you'd like to do with your evening, going to listen to a politician's...

Woman: actually, it's a class assignment. Prof Jackson, he's teaching that political science seminar I'm taking. He told all of us in the seminar to going hear what the senator has to say tonight and also write up a report about the issues people bring up.

Man: oh, like medical care, and tax and…?

Woman: right, as long as I'm there, I think I'd like to bring up government funding for state universities. The tuition keeps going on and it's getting harder and harder for a lot of students to afford it.

Man: tell me about it.

Woman: anyway, I want to do a really good job on this report. I need to get a letter of recommendation from Prof Jackson for grad school. So I guess I'd better show up there tonight and see what's going on.

Man: yeah, but, what about the history test?

Woman: well, I already put some time on that this morning. So I think by tomorrow afternoon, I'll be ready.

(31)

A．She's unable to attend the study session.

B．She has seen a doctor recently.

C．She's concerned about medical care.

D．She mentions the need for some medical tests.

M: Really? That's too bad. Aren't you feeling well?

W: Oh, it's nothing bad. There's going to be a public meeting down the town hall. The state senator from this area is going to be there. She has this meeting three or four times a year to speak with her constituency.

M: Is that what you'd like to do with your evening, going to listen to a politician's ...

W: Actually, it's a class assignment. Prof Jackson, he's teaching that political science seminar I'm taking. He told all of us in the seminar to go to hear what the senator has to say tonight and also write up a report about the issues people bring up.

M: Oh, like medical care, and tax and...?

W: Right, as long as I'm there, I think I'd like to bring up government funding for state universities. The tuition keeps going up and it's getting harder and harder for a lot of students to afford it.

M: Tell me about it.

W: Anyway, I want to do a really good job on this report. I need to get a letter of recommendation from Prof Jackson for graduate school. So I guess I'd better show up there tonight and see what's going on.

M: Yeah, but, what about the history test?

W: Well, I already put some time in on that this morning. So I think by tomorrow afternoon, I'll be ready.

(23)

A．She has seen a doctor recently.

B．She's concerned about medical care.

C．She's unable to attend the study session.

D．She mentions the need for some medical tests.

M: Really? That's too bad. Aren't you feeling well?

W: Oh, it's nothing bad. There's going to be a public meeting down the town hall. The state senator from this area is going to be there. She has this meeting three or four times a year to speak with her constituency.

M: Is that what you'd like to do with your evening, going to listen to a politician's ...

W: Actually, it's a class assignment. Prof Jackson, he's teaching that political science seminar I'm taking. He told all of us in the seminar to go to hear what the senator has to say tonight and also write up a report about the issues people bring up.

M: Oh, like medical care, and tax and ... ?

W: Right, as long as I'm there, I think I'd like to bring up government funding for state universities. The tuition keeps going up and it's getting harder and harder for a lot of students to afford it.

M: Tell me about it.

W: Anyway, I want to do a really good job on this report. I need to get a letter of recommendation from Prof Jackson for graduate school. So I guess I'd better show up there tonight and see what's going on.

M: Yeah, but, what about the history test?

W: Well, I already put some time in on that this morning. So I think by tomorrow afternoon, I'll be ready.

(23)

A．She has seen a doctor recently.

B．She's concerned about medical care.

C．She's unable to attend the study session.

D．She mentions the need for some medical tests.