All internal forces and reactions of statically determinate structures can be obtained based on equilibrium conditions, and there is only one solution.

The passage suggests that "the indeterminancy of radical translation" (line 25)

A．undermines the transmission of cultural meaning between the generations of a culture

B．fails to prove that outsiders like anthropologists and writers should forego attempting to understand foreign cultures

C．underscores the importance of the transmission of a particular language to the memory of its corresponding culture

D．suggests that certain cultural objects can be focused on to understand a culture in non-linguistic terms

E．complicates on occasion the entry of an individual into a community

All the following concepts can be found in American naturalistic fiction EXCEPT______.

A．determinism

B．survival of the fittest

C．effects of hereditary and environmental forces

D．search for identity

The making of classifications by literary historians can be a somewhat risky enterprise. When Black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literary history may result. This reminder is particularly relevant in an assessment of the differences between Black poets at the turn of last century (1900—1909) and those of the generation of' the 1920s. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness. It should be remembered, though, that comparable differences 'also existed for similar generations of White poets.

When poets of the 1910s and 1920s are considered together, however, the distinctions that literary historians might make between "conservative" and "experimental" would be of little significance in a discussion of Black poets, although these remain helpful classification for White poets of these decades①. Certainly differences can be noted between "conservative" Black poets such as Countee Cullen, and Cluade McKay and "experimental" ones such as Jean Toomer and Langston Hughes. But Black poets were not battling over old or new styles; rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride.

However, in the 1920s Black poets did debate with specifically racial subjects. They asked whether they should only write about Black experience for a Black audience or whether such demands were restrictive. It may be said, though, that virtually all those poets wrote their best poems when they spoke out of racial feeling, race being, as James Johnson rightly put it "inevitably the thing the Negro poet knows best"②.

At the turn of the 20th century, by contrast, most Black poets generally wrote in the conventional manner of the age and expressed noble, if vague, emotions in their poetry. These poets were not unusually gift ed, though Roscoe Jamision and G. M. McClellan may be mentioned as exceptions. They chose not to write in dialect, which, as Sterling Brown has suggested, "meant a rejection of stereotypes of Nero life," and they refused to write only about racial subjects. This refusal had both a positive and a negative consequence. As Brown observes, "Valuably insisting that Negro poets should not be confined to issues of race, these poets committed (an) error.., they refused to look into their hearts and write. "These are important insights, but one must stress that this refusal to look within was also typical of most White poets of the United States at the time. They, too, often turned from their own experience and consequently produced not very memorable poems about vague topics, such as the peace of nature.

What is the author's attitude toward the classification as a technique in literary history?

A．Sarcastic.

B．Indifferent.

C．Cautious.

D．Critical.

Most of us trade money for entertainment. Movies, concerts and shows are enjoyable but expensive. (78) If you think that you can't have a good time without spending a lot of money, read on. A little resourcefulness and a few minutes of newspaper - scanning should give you some pleasant surprises.

People may be the most interesting show in a large city. Stroll through busy streets and see what everybody else is doing. (79) You will probably see people from all over the world; you will certainly see people of every age, size, and shape, and you'll get a free fashion show, too. Window - shopping is also a safe sport – if he stores are closed.

Check the listings in your neighborhood paper. Local colleges or schools often welcome the public to hear an interesting speaker or a good debate. The film or concert series at the local public library probably won't cost you a penny. Be sure to check commercial advertisements too. A flea market can provide hours of pleasant browsing. Perhaps you can find a free cooking or crafts demonstration in a department store.

Plan ahead for some activities. It is always more pleasant not to have people in front of you in a museum or at a zoo. You may save some money, too, since these places often set aside one or two free admission days at slow times during the week. Pretend that you are a tourist from time to time, and get to know your city all over again including the indispensable sights that people travel miles to see. If you feel like taking an interesting walk, find a free walking tour, or plan one yourself. You will see your city in a new perspective once you know more about its history or its architectural treasures. With imagination and a spirit of adventure you can quite easily find good entertainment at no cost at all.

Which of the following statements is NOT tree?

A．There are many kinds of amusements you can enjoy with spending no money.

B．The film shown at the local public library is often free of charge.

C．Local colleges often hold meetings to debate the issues people are interested in.

D．You should be a tourist if you want to know more about the city you live in.

Most of us trade money for entertainment. Movies, concerts and shows are enjoyable but expensive. (78) If you think that you can't have a good time without spending a lot of money, read on. A little resourcefulness and a few minutes of newspaper—scanning should give you some pleasant surprises.

People may be the most interesting show in a large city. Stroll through busy streets and see what everybody else is doing. You will probably see people from all over the world; you will certainly see people of every age, size, and shape, and you'll get a free fashion show, too. Window—shopping is also a safe sport—is the stores are closed.

Check the listings in your neighborhood paper. Local colleges or schools often welcome the public to hear an interesting speaker or a good debate. The film or concert series at the local public library probably won't cost you a penny. Be sure to check commercial ad vertisements too. A flea market can provide hours of pleasant brow sing. Perhaps you can find a free cooking or crafts in a department store.

Plan ahead for some activities. It is always more pleasant not to have people in front of you in a museum or at a zoo. You may save some money, too, since these places often set aside one or two free admission days at slow times during the week. (79) Pretend that you are a tourist from time to time, and get to know your city all over a gain including the indispensable (不可错过的) sights that people travel miles to see. If you feel like taking an interesting walk, find a free walking tour, or plan one yourself. You will see your city in a new perspective (视角) once you know more about its history or its architectural treasures. With imagination and a spirit of adventure you can quite easily find good entertainment at no cost at all.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A．There are many kinds of amusements you can enjoy without spending much money.

B．Local colleges often hold meetings to debate the issues people are interested in.

C．The film shown at the local public library is often free of charge.

D．You should be a tourist if you want to know more about the city you live in.

Most of us trade money for entertainment. Movies, concerts and shows are enjoyable but expensive. If you think that you can't have a good time without spending a lot of money, read on. A little resourcefulness and a few minutes of newspaper-scanning should give you some pleasant surprises.

People may be the most interesting show in a large city. Stroll through busy streets and see what everybody else is doing. You will probably see people from all over the world; you will certainly see people of every age, size, and shape, and you'll get a free fashion show, too. Window-shopping is also a safe sport-if the stores are closed.

Check the listings in your neighborhood paper. Local colleges or schools often welcome the public to hear an interesting speaker or a good debate. The film or concert series at the local public library probably won't cost you a penny. Be sure to check commercial advertise-ments too. A flea market can provide hours of pleasant browsing. Perhaps you can find afree cooking or crafts in a department store.

Plan ahead for some activities. It is always more pleasant not to have people in front of you in a museum or at a zoo. You may save some money, too, since these places often seta side one or two free admission days at slow times during the week. Pretend that you are a tourist from time to time, and get to know your city all over again including the indis-pensable (不可错过的) sights that people travel miles to see. If you feel like taking an in-teresting walk, find a free walking tour, or plan one yourself. You will see your city in anew perspective (视角) once you know more about its history or its architectural treas-ures. With imagination and a spirit of adventure you can quite easily find good entertain-ment at no cost at all.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A．There are many kinds of amusements you can enjoy without spending much money.

B．Local colleges often hold meetings to debate the issues people are interested in.

C．The film shown at the local public library is often free of charge.

D．You should be a tourist if you want to know more about the city you live in.

The average automatic teller machine (ATM) is not very smart. It will give money to anyone who has the right card and punches four or five keys in the right order. Some analysts estimate that as many as 30% of ATM transaction worldwide are cases of theft. To increase security at cash machines, some banks have tried to make their ATMs a little smarter. A small camera on the machine looks directly into the eye of every customer. It scans one iris and compares the tiny patterns of ridges, dots, and other features to a code in its computer. If there is a match, the ATM will start counting out cash. If not, a message is automatically sent to the nearest police station. Iris-scanning is one fast-growing form of biometric identification --- determining who someone is by examining features the body. One of the earliest biometric techniques was fingerprinting. The line on fingerprints are unique to each person, so not even identical twins have the same fingerprints. Fingerprinting has become famous as a way of finding out who committed a crime, but it very often fails. A careful criminal can swear gloves, avoid touching thing, or even alter his fingerprints by burning, cutting, or scraping them. In the search for a more reliable system, security experts have focused on the eye. Like a fingerprint, every iris is, for all practical purposes, unique. Each person’s right iris is even different from his or her left one. A low-cost digital camera, like the kind installed at ATM machines, can easily detect hundreds of different features in the iris. The chance of two irises having the same features is close to zero. Tests have shown that iris-scanners are very hard to fool. They can tell the difference between a real iris and a false one. They can see right through colored contact lenses, eyeglasses, and even mirrored sunglasses. Although many criminal are willing to burn or cut their fingers in pursuit of the perfect crime, few would be willing or able to alter their irises. To make iris-scanning work, a computerized database has to match certain iris features with certain people. This means that each ATM customer has to allow a bank to photograph his or her iris and keep that highly personal information in a computer. Some people have worried, however, that an increased use of iris-scanning will lead to a dangerous loss of privacy. By mounting iris-scan cameras in public places, governments could track a private citizen all day long without the person’s knowledge. This would be a great advantage to the police, but it could also give corrupt officials a new way to control their opponents. The military’s development of tiny robots suggests that government iris-scanners could even invade private homes! Questions 1-5 Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form where necessary, with only one word for each blank. ATM transactions are often cases of theft, where an unauthorized user takes (1) ___. To decrease insecurity, some banks have installed iris-scanning machines at ATMs. These small cameras scan the user’s iris, recording its features and (2) ____ them to a digital file. Every person has a (3) ____ iris, making iris identification highly reliable. Earlier efforts at biometric identification often relied on fingerprints. However, fingerprints can easily be (4) ____ through cutting, burning or scrapping. Iris scanners are so effective that they can even see through contact lenses and mirrored sunglasses. Use of iris scanners would provide great advantages to the police. However, others worry about a loss of (5) ____.

If you live in a large city, you are quite familiar with some of the problems of noise, but, because of some of its harmful effects, you may not be aware of the extent of its influence on human behavior. Although everyone more or less knows what noise is, i. e., it is sounds that one would rather not hear, it is perhaps best to define it more precisely for scientific purposes. One such definition is that noise is sounds that are unrelated to the task at band. Thus stimuli (刺激物)that at one time might be considered relevant will at another time to be considered noise, depending on what one is doing at the moment. In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the effects on human behavior, and concepts such as "noise pollution" have arisen, together with movements to reduce noise.

Exposure to loud noises can definitely produce a partial or complete loss of hearing, depending on the intensity, duration, and frequency composition of the noise. Many jobs present noise hazards (危险), such as working in factories and around jet aircraft, driving farm tractors, and working in music halls where rock bands are playing. In general, continuous exposure to sounds of over 80 decibels can be considered dangerous. Decibel values correspond to various sounds. Sounds above 85 decibels may, if exposure is for a sufficient period of time, produce significant hearing loss. Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks, for instance, if one is performing a watch keeping task that requires vigilance (注意), in which he is responsible for detecting weak signals of some kind (e. g. , watching a radar screen for the appearance of aircraft).

Communicating with other people is unfavorably affected by noise. If you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport, you have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversation at first, and that, eventually you adjusted the loudness of your speech to compensate for the effect. The problem is noise.

Noise differs from sound in that ______.

A．noise interferes with the task being done

B．noise is a special type of loud sound

C．noise is usually unavoidable in big cities

D．noise can be defined more precisely than sound