Program coordinates that are based on a fixed origin are called:

Questions are based on the following passage．

In the last 500 years, nothing about people--their clothes, ideas, or languages-has changed as much as what they eat．The original chocolate drink was made from the seeds of cocoa tree by South American Indians．The Spanish introduced it to the rest of the world during the 1500&39;s． Although it was very expensive, it quickly became fashionable． In London,shops where chocolate drinks were served became important meeting places． Some still exist today．

The potato is also from the New World．Around 1600, the Spanish brought it from Peru to Europe, where it soon was widely grown．The potato was the main food at Irish table． Thousands of Irish people starved when the crop failed during the"Potato Famine" (土豆饥荒) of 1845 ~ 1846, and thousands more were forced to move to America．

There are many other foods that have traveled from South America to the old World． But some others went in the opposite direction． Brazil is now the world&39;s largest grower of coffee,

And coffee is an important crop in Colombia and other South American countries． But it is native to Ethiopia (埃塞俄比亚)． It was first made into a drink by Arabs during the 1400&39;s．

(77) According to an Arabic story, coffee was discovered when a man named Kaldi noticed that his goats were attracted to the red fruits on a coffee bush． (78) He tried one and experienced the"wide-awake" feeling that one-third of the world&39;s population now starts the day with．

The passage is mainly about__________ 查看材料

A.earthquakes and their effects

B.the way of earthquakes taking place

C.the classification of earthquakes

D.the damaging results of earthquakes

根据以下资料，回答{TSE}题。 On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states. In Arizona v.United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform. Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial .Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones. Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers. However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues. Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts. The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with . Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them.But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim. {TS}Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they

A. deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.

B. disturbed the power balance between different states.

C. overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.

D. contradicted both the federal and state policies.

Questions are based on the following passage．

Saying they can no longer ignore the rising prices of health care， some of the most influentialmedical groups in the nation are recommending that doctors weigh the costs， not just the effectiveness of treatments， as they make decisions about patient care．The shift， little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it，suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles， from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent．In practical terms， the new guidelines being developed could result in doctors choosing one drug over another for cost reasons or even deciding that a particular treatment—at the end of life， for example—is too expensive．In the extreme， some critics have said that making treatment decisionsbased on cost is a form. of rationing．Traditionally， guidelines have heavily influenced the practice of medicine， and the latest ones areexpected to make doctors more conscious of the economic consequences of their decisions， even though there"s no obligation to follow them．Medical society guidelines are also used by insurancecomoanies to help determine reimbursement （报销） policies．Some doctors see a potential conflict in trying to be both providers of patient care and fmancial

Overseers．"There should be forces in society who should be concerned about the budget， but they shouldn"t be functioning simultaneously as doctors，" said Dr．Martin Samuels at a Boston hospital．He said doctors risked losing the trust of patients if they told patients， "I"m not going to do what I think is best for you because I think it"s bad for the healthcare budget in Massachusetts．" Doctors can face some grim trade—offs．Studies have shown， for example， that two drugs are about

equally effective in treating macular degeneration， and eye disease．But one costs $ 50 a dose and the other close to $ 2，000．Medicare could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year if everyone used the cheaper drug， Avastin， instead of the costlier one， Lucentis．But the Food and Drug Administration has not approved Avastin for use in the eye．and using it rather than the alternative， Lucentis， might carry an additional， although slight， safety risk．Should doctors consider Medicare"s budget in deciding what to use?"I think ethically （在道德层面上） we are just worried about the patient in front of us and not trying to save money for the insurance industry or society as a whole，" said Dr．Donald Jensen．Still， some analysts say that there"s a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not many others are doing so．"In some ways，" said Dr．Daniel Sulmasy， "it represents a failure of wider society

to take up the issue．"

What do some most influential medical groups recommend doctors do? 查看材料

A.Reflect on the responsibilities they are supposed to take．

B.Pay more attention to the effectiveness of their treatments．

C.Take costs into account when making treatment decisions．

D.Readjust their practice in view of the cuts in health care．

The author strongly implies that the animals which are easily saved from extinction are______.

A．small and cute

B．dangerous to mankind

C．black and white

D．big, cute and vertebrate

Questions 61-65 are based on Passage Two:

Passage Two

Science is a dominant theme in our culture．Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operatiom They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are, An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist．

This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientist as some sort of magician． The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or-independent of any course-simply to provide a better understanding of science．We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do． It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture． In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture．

We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it．That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women．This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions． In discussing these changes and contributions, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals．

To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when a'bsolutely necessary, alternating he and she．This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally．

We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative,Our approach is usually informal． We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn't take ourselves too seriously． As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living．

According to the passage, “scientific subculture”means ( )．

A．cultural groups that are formed by scientists

B．people whose knowledge of science is very limited

C． the scientific community

D． people who make good contributions to science

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching, the surprising thing about computer is not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. The early electronic computer did not have much going for it except a marvelous memory and some good math skills. But today the best models can be wired up to learn by experience, follow an argument, ask proper questions and write poetry and write poetry and music. They can also carry on somewhat puzzling conversations.

Computers imitate life. As computer get more complex, the imitation gets better. Finally, the line between the original and the copy becomes unclear. In another 15 years or so, we will the computer as a new form. of life.

The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures. But drives car can be programmed into the computer’s brain just as nature programmed them into our human brains as a part of the equipment for survival.

Computers match people in some roles, and when fast decisions are needed in a crisis, they often surpass them. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneously and acting on them quickly. Throw too many things at the brain one time and it freezes up.

We are still control, but the capabilities of computer are increasing at a fantastic rate, while raw human intelligence is changing slowly, if as all. Computer power has increased ten times every eight years since 1946. In the 1990s, when the sixth generation appears, the reasoning power of an intelligence built out of silicon will begin to match that of the human brain.

That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth. Judging by the he past, we can expect that a new species will arise out of man, surpassing his achievements those of his predecessor. Only a carbon chemistry enthusiast would assume that the new species must be man’s flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more I likely to be made of silicon.

第31题：What do you suppose the attitude of Dr. Samuel Johnson towards ladies preaching?

A) He believed that ladies were born worse preachers that men.

B) He was pleased that ladies could though not as well as men.

C) He disapproved of ladies preaching.

D) He encouraged ladies to preach.

The factors that are in relation to exercises injuries

A．have been obtained from many good studies

B．have been confirmed by many data

C．cannot confirm the risk of equipment types

D．can be proved easily by the data through calculation