The author felt excited when her family won a free photographic portrait sitting, because she could wear the same blue uniform as her peers and would not be made to stand on the stage.

The author is ______.

A．a friend of Abraham Lincoln's

B．a writer who gives an account of Abraham Lincoln's biography

C．Abraham Lincoln himself

D．Abraham Lincoln's autobiography

The first pictures of a war were taken by ______.

A．a French photographer in the 1840s

B．an American photographer in the 1860s

C．a German reporter in the 1880s

D．a French artist in the 1890s

Why do friendships end? The author ofers some 1into the question. Friendships end because thesituations friends are in.2. These changes can'thelp but 3 a friendship. Next, the friends .4 maychange. The breakups canbe 5 or one-sided. Ithurts less when 6 friends change. What tends to_ 7_most is when just one friend changes. A thirdreason is that as much as two people might want afriendship to survive, one or both of them might_ 8neglect it. Lastly, 9can cause the end of afriendship, since most friendships have breaking. 10_under pressure.

A unintentinally; B.mutual; C change; D.affect;E.both; F.conflicts; G insights; H.themselves; I.hurt;J.points

A．An official of the UN.

B．A coffee shop owner.

C．A friend of the author's.

D．Alex's friend from California.

Which of the following can best summarize the authors view?

A．Where there is a will, there is a way.

B．There is no such thing as a free lunch.

C．Nothing in the world is difficult.

D．Diligence is more important than talent.

The examples in Paragraph 4 are intended to indicate by the author that ______.

A．modem African politicians publicly speak out against tribal divisions.

B．tribalism remains the most powerful force in day to day African life.

C．there are great disagreements among different tribes.

D．many African countries are involved in tribal problems.

In seeking the most suitable type of job, the author suggests that job seekers should first ______.

A．consult with a friend who is experienced in this respect

B．read ad sections of daily newspapers carefully

C．get in contact with a management group

D．determine a definite and immediate goal

Halfway through "The Rebel Sell", the authors pause to make fun of "free-range" chicken. Paying over the odds to ensure that dinner was not in a previous life, confined to tiny cages is all well and good. But "a free-range chicken is about as plausible as a sun-loving earthworm": given a choice, chickens prefer to curl up in a nice dark comer of the barn. Only about 15% of "free-range" chickens actually use the space available to them.

This is just one case in which Joseph Heath, who teaches philosophy at the University of Toronto, and Andrew Potter, a journalist and researcher based in Montreal, find fault with well-meaning but, in their view, ultimately naive consumers who hope to distance themselves from consumerism by buying their shoes from Mother Jones magazine instead of Nike. Mr. Heath and Mr. Potter argue that "the counterculture", in all its attempts to be subversive, has done nothing more than create new segments of the market, and thus ends up feeding the very monster of consumerism and conformity it hopes to destroy. In the process, they cover Marx, Freud, the experiments on obedience of Stanley Milgram, the films" Pleasantville", "The Matrix" and "American Beauty", 15th-century table manners, Norman Mailer, the Unabomber, real-estate prices in central Toronto (more than once), the voluntary-simplicity movement and the world's funniest joke.

Why range so widely? The authors' beef is with a very small group: left-wing activists who eschew smaller, potentially useful campaigns in favor of grand statements about the hopelessness of consumer culture and the dangers of" selling out". Instead of encouraging useful activities, such as pushing for new legislation, would-be leftists are left to participate in unstructured, pointless demonstrations against" globalization", or buy fair-trade coffee and free-range chicken, which only substitutes snobbery for activism. Two authors of books that railed against brands, Naomi Klein ("No Logo") and Alissa Quart ("Branded"), come in for special derision for diagnosing the problems of consumerism but refusing to offer practical solutions.

Anticipating criticism, perhaps, Messrs Heath and Potter make sure to put forth a few of their own solutions, such as the 35-hour working week and school uniforms (to keep teenagers from competing with each other to wear ever-more-expensive clothes). Increasing consumption, they argue throughout, is not imposed upon stupid workers by overbearing companies, but arises as a result of a cultural "arms race": each person buys more to keep his standard of living high relative to his neighbors', Imposing some restrictions, such as a shorter working week, might not stop the arms race, but it would at least curb its most offensive excesses. (This assumes one finds excess consumption offensive; even the authors do not seem entirely sure).

But on the way to such modest suggestions, the authors want to criticize every aspect of the counterculture, from its disdain for homogenization, franchises and brands to its political offshoots. As a result, the book wanders: chapters on uniforms and on the search for" cool" could have been cut. Moreover, the authors make the mistake of assuming that the consumers they sympathize with—the ones who buy brands and live in tract houses—know enough to separate themselves from their purchases, whereas the free-trade-coffee buyers swallow the brand messages whole, as it were.

Still, it would be a shame if the book's ramblings kept it from getting read. When it focuses on explaining how the counterculture grew out of post-World War II critiques of modern society, "The Rebel Sell" is a lively read, with enough humor to keep the more theoretical stretches of its argument interesting. At the very least, it puts its finger on a trend: there will be plenty of future critics of capitalism lining up for their free-range chicken.

The joke about "f

A．introduce the topic of anti-consumerism.

B．draw a comparison between chicken and earthworm.

C．stress the fact that chickens don't actually want much space.

D．point out that chickens, like human, should have a choice.