【简答题】Discuss the optical amplifier in optical fiber communication.

【简答题】翻译下列语句。 (1) We should be obliged if you would let us have some names and addresses of likely importers of good standing from your customers, together with brief credit reports on them. (2) Would you please let us have the particulars of your products? (3) It is our long-term wish to establish business relations with you. (4) If you are interested in setting up trade relations with us in this line, let us know your specific requirements/demands. (5) We would like to know what you can offer in this line as well as your term of sales. (6) We are pleased to send you here with our Performa Invoice No.12in triplicate as requested. (7) The above inquiry was forwarded to you on January the fifteenth, but we have not received your quotation yet. Your early offer will be highly appreciated. (8) As requested, we are sending you our quotation sheet in triplicate and wish you to place your order with us as soon as possible. (9) Your order is receiving our immediate attention and you can depend on us to effect delivery well within your time limit. (10)Owing to your delay in delivery, we are no longer in the position to accept your goods. We hereby cancel our order.

【简答题】Do these passages contain arguments? If so, what are their conclusions? 1. Cutting the interest rate will have no effect on the stock market this time round as people have been expecting a rate cut all along. This factor has already been reflected in the market. Yes. The conclusion is that this time, cutting interest rate will have no effect on the stock market. So it is raining heavily and this building might collapse. But I don't really care. 2. Although the first statement starts with “so” it does not indicate a conclusion. Virgin would then dominate the rail system. Is that something the government should worry about? Not necessarily. The industry is regulated, and one powerful company might at least offer a more coherent schedule of services than the present arrangement has produced. The reason the industry was broken up into more than 100 companies at privatisation was not operational, but political: the Conservative government thought it would thus be harder to renationalise. 3. All of Russia’s problems of human rights and democracy come back to three things: the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. None works as well as it should. Parliament passes laws in a hurry, and has neither the ability nor the will to call high officials to account. State officials abuse human rights (either on their own, or on orders from on high) and work with remarkable slowness and disorganisation. The courts almost completely fail in their role as the ultimate safeguard of freedom and order. 4. Most mornings, Park Chang Woo arrives at a train station in central Seoul, South Korea's capital. But he is not commuter. He is unemployed and goes there to kill time. Around him, dozens of jobless people pass their days drinking soju, a local version of vodka. For the moment, middleaged Mr Park would rather read a newspaper. He used to be a brick layer for a small construction company in Pusan, a southern port city. But three years ago the country's financial crisis cost him that job, so he came to Seoul, leaving his wife and two children behind. Still looking for work, he has little hope of going home any time soon. 5. For a long time, astronomers suspected that Europa, one of Jupiter's many moons, might harbour a watery ocean beneath its ice-covered surface. They were right. Now the technique used earlier this year to demonstrate the existence of the Europan ocean has been employed to detect an ocean on another Jovian satellite, Ganymede, according to work announced at the recent American Geo-physical Union meeting in San Francisco. 6. There are no hard numbers, but the evidence from Asia’s expatriate community is unequivocal. Three years after its handover from Britain to China, Hong Kong is unlearning English. The city's gweilos (Cantonese for “ghost men”) must go to ever greater lengths to catch the oldest taxi driver available to maximize their chances of comprehension. Hotel managers are complaining that they can no longer find enough English- speakers to act as receptionists. Departing tourists, polled at the airport, voice growing frustration at not being understood.

【简答题】Read the following research paper and write simply to answer the following question: Are there gender differences in reading ability? If yes, where do the differences come from? Do you agree with the reader’s findings? Talk about your own experience. Gender Differences in Reading Ability Reading is one of main ways to get information. What is the relationship between gender and reading comprehension? Reading success depends on factors such as the levels of readers’ proficiency, types of text, text difficulty, and task demands (Brudice, 2009). One important factor that affects the process of reading and consequently the process of comprehension is the reader text variable. Considering the text variable, different studies have been conducted to investigate the way readers affect the processes of reading and comprehension. The strategies used by readers, their background knowledge, motivation, attitude, age, personality and sex all have been investigated (Keshavarz. & Ashtarian, 2008). This paper aims to investigate how gender differences influence reading comprehension. Statement of Problem In this paper the presented problem was to identify whether or not gender differences had an effect on reading comprehension ability. As a question, the problem is, “What is the relationship between gender and reading comprehension ability for secondary students?” (Brudice, 2009) Definition of Terms Gender Differences: Gender: the state of being male or female (with reference to social or cultural differences) Reading Comprehension can be defined as techniques for improving students’ success in obtaining useful knowledge from text. Reading comprehension is understanding some texts that are read, or the process of “constructing meaning” from read texts. Comprehension is a “construction process” because it includes all of the elements of the reading process working together as a text is read to create a representation of the text in the reader’s mind (Brudice, 2009). Discussion Reading comprehension is a complex cognitive skill in which the reader should construct meaning by using all the available resources from both the text and background knowledge (Brudice, 2009). Several studies, which have investigated some independent variables that are linked to students’ abilities to comprehend science textbooks, have conflicting findings. While some found important differences in boys’ and girls’ verbal abilities in favor of girls, some others did not find gender differences in their subjects’ abilities to comprehend two biology texts (Soybio; McKenzie-Briscoe, 1998). The findings of a 2008 study indicate that there is a difference between males’ and females’ comprehension of the reading passages. Females are better in case of comprehending passages. Females outperformed males in their comprehension of given passages in a written recall task (Keshavarz. & Ashtarian, 2008). Why do girls have a higher reading ability? Boys have more often their own room in comparison to girls. This may take time from reading and contribute to lower scores. Girls have a little bit more often their own study desk that may contribute to their higher reading test results. Although boys have a little bit more books at home, they are not so good in reading. According to the evaluation of girls, there is more classic literature and poetry in their homes. Children influence the home culture and so this literature is bought more often for girls. More girls are from homes without a computer. Working on computers may reduce the boys’ time for reading books and magazines. More girls are confident that they are doing well in language. The self-evaluation supports learning language and is a result of good learning. There are more boys among students who have fewer than 2 hours for self-study of language. Once more girls devote more time to language studies and boys have other interests (Lynn & Mikk, 2009). And for second language in general, it seems that no gender differences existed on TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) in any of the subtests (Jie & Wu, 2003). In light of new issues about second language reading perhaps more inquiries about second language reading comprehension should be concerned with the amounts and types of variables that are superior, or more influential, in producing higher levels of reading comprehension because as a whole it is very different from first language (Brantmeier, 2004). Conclusion A meta-analysis provides strong evidence that the significance of the gender difference in verbal ability is currently so small that it can effectively be considered to be zero. More detailed analysis of various types of verbal ability (e.g., vocabulary, reading comprehension, analogies) similarly provided no evidence of a substantial gender difference (Hayde & Linn, 1988). But as the results of this study indicate, females are somehow superior in reading comprehension compared to male subjects (Keshavarz. & Ashtarian, 2008) and females are more global and prefer to guess meaning from context while males are more analytic and attend more to words (Brudice, 2009). This suggests that teachers should take into consideration the fact that more practice needs to be done when working with male students. Another consequence of the study can be drawn from the finding that both male and female students had greater gains on essay regardless of their gender. This may imply that teachers can focus on teaching different types of texts in their classes regardless of their students’ gender. This may help learners to pave the way toward autonomy in that they can build on what they already know or what they have explicitly learned in their classrooms (Keshavarz. & Ashtarian, 2008). So teachers should be aware of these differences; they can help learners of both genders in different ways. By concentrating on learners’ limitations, teachers can provide successful learning situations. Only in this way can teachers handle the class efficiently and achieve the teaching goals. Strategy training can be done through working with students in small groups or individually by using various reading texts and questions to check students’ processing problems through questioning and answering. Teaching learners comprehension monitoring and reading comprehension test taking strategies can help them to take a more reflective and self-directed approach to text reading. Additionally, it can help learners in reducing anxiety in reading tests (Brudice, 2009).

【简答题】1.试用重组法翻译下列单证用语。 (1) Bill of lading is a document given by a shipping company, representing both a receipt for the goods shipped and a contract for shipment between the shipping company and the shipper. It is also a document of title to the goods, giving the holder or the assignee the right to possession of the goods. (2) Commercial invoice is a document which contains identifying information about merchandise sold for which payment is to be made. All invoices should show the name and address of the debtor, terms of payment, description of items, the price per item, and the amount for which payment is to be made. Besides, the invoice should show the manner of delivery. (3) Insurance policy is a document setting out the exact terms and conditions of an insurance transaction —the name of the insured, the name of commodity insured, the amount insured, the name of the carrying vessel, the precise risks covered, the period of cover and any exceptions there may be. It is also a written contract of insurance between the insurance company and the insured. (4) DOCUMENTS MUST BE PRESENTED AT PLACE OF EXPIRATION WITHIN 15 DAYS OF ISSUE DATE OF TRANSPORT DOCUMENT AND WITHIN THE L/C VALIDITY. (5) THIS CREDIT IS SUBJECT TO THE UNIFORM CUSTOMS AND PRACTICE FOR DOCUMENTARY CREDITS (1993 REVISION), ICC PUBLICATION NUMBER 500.

【填空题】Watch the movie clip again and fill in the blanks. Natalie Keener: If there’s one word I want to leave you with today, it’s this. All: Glocal? Glocal? ……. Natalie Keener: “Glocal” Our global must become local. This company keeps 23 people on the road at least 250 days a year. It’s expensive and its1 . When I came to Craig three months ago with this, he told me, and quite astutely, its only a problem if you have a solution. Well, today I stand before you with just that. You all know Ned in reception. Today I’m gonna fire Ned. Sorry, Ned. I’m sure HR will 2 you back this afternoon. Boss: We’ll see about that. Natalie Keener: Ned could be any employee in any one of our clients locations worldwide. Strategy packets will be shipped in advance. Ned will be given a seat and find one of our transition specialists waiting for him. Mr. Laskin, The reason we are having this conversation as your position is no longer 3 . Ned: I don’t understand. I’m fired? Natalie Keener: Hearing the words "You’ve been let go" is never easy. " Change is scary, but consider the following: anybody who ever built an empire or changed the world sat where you are now. And its because they sat there that they were able to do it. Ryan: That’s my fucking line. Ned:But what happens now? ? Natalie Keener:This is the first step of a process that ends with you in a job that 4 you. Ned:Yeah, but how does it work? Natalie Keener:Take the packet in front of you. Review it - all the answers you’re looking for are inside. Fill out the necessary information and you’re on the way to new opportunities. Ned, go back to your desk and start putting together your things. As a 5 to me, I’d appreciate it if you didn’t spread the news just yet. Panic doesn’t help anyone. Ned:I understand. Natalie Keener:Give it up for Ned.

In our society, we must communicate with other people. A great deal of communication is performed on a person-to-person basis by the simple means of speech. If we travel in buses or stand in football match queues, we are likely to have conversations in which we give information or opinions, and sometimes have our views challenged by other members of society. Face-to-face contact is by no means the only form. of communication and during the last two hundred years the art of mass communication has become one of the dominating factors of contemporary society. Two things above others have caused the enormous growth of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiveness has led to advances in printing, photography, and so on. Secondly, speed has revolutionized the transmission and reception of communications so that local news often takes a back seat to national news. No longer is the possession of information confined to a privileged minority. Forty years ago people used to flock to the cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to watch a program that is being channeled into millions of homes. Communication is no longer merely concerned with the transmission of information. The modern communications industry influences the way people live in society and broadens their horizons by allowing access to information, education and entertainment. The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all involved with their informing, educating and entertaining functions. Although a great deal of the material communicated by the mass media is very valuable to the individual and to the society of which he is a part, the vast modern network of communications is open to abuse. However, the mass media are with us for better, for worse, and there is no turning back.

The author probably means that speech on a person-to-person basis is the______means of communication.

A．primary

B．secondary

C．auxiliary

D．optional

The Organized Traveller's Checklist

Here's a step-by-step guide to accomplishing the essentials in the weeks, days, and hours before you leave on vacation.

Eight Weeks Ahead

If you're going out of the country and don't have all of the documents you need--whether passports or original birth certificates--now is the time to get them. If it looks like the documents may not arrive until the last minute--or even late--show your airline tickets to personnel at the government agencies from which you're requesting documents. Ask them to put a rush on your application.

If you're traveling abroad, contact a travel health specialist (your health-care provider may have a travel department, or your doctor may be able to recommend a specialist), or contact your local health department to ask about immunizations and preventive medicines.

When it comes to what to take with you--be it luggage, sports equipment, camping gear, or clothing--now's the time to assess your needs. You can save shopping time and hassle by buying from catalogs: order now so purchases will arrive before your departure date.

Six Weeks Ahead

If you don't belong to an auto club and are about to use your car on a trip, join a club now so you can take advantage of member benefits. These usually include trip-planning services, maps, guidebooks, discounts at accommodations and attractions, and roadside emergency help.

Join an airline's frequent-flier program too--it's free. Make sure the names on your tickets and on membership forms are identical, or you won't get mileage (英里里程)credit for your flights. Give frequent-flier numbers to your travel agent.

Four Weeks Ahead

Airline seats are generally assigned and confirmed 30 days prior to departure, so call now to get your desired seat assignments and to make certain your family is seated together. Another call to make is to a kennel (养狗场) or other facility if you plan to board a pet during vacation.

Buy any home security and automation (自动操作)devices you'll need. These might include timers for lights and TVs, an alarm system, automatic plant-watering systems, and pet feeders. Figure out how they work now so you won't be scrambling to set them on the day of departure.

If anyone in your family wears glasses or contacts, order a spare pair today so they'll be ready by the time you go. At the very least, get an up-to-date prescription so you can take it to a quick-service optical store if glasses are lost or broken. If you need prescriptions or checkups, make those appointments now.

Two Weeks Ahead

Write down your doctors' and. pharmacist's phone numbers in case you need information on the road. If you'll be driving your own car, have a reliable mechanic check it from top to bottom.

Plan the route now: Do it yourself with good maps and trip-planning software, or use your automobile club's trip-planning service. Clubs like the American and Canadian Automobile Associations (AAA and CAA) require two weeks' notice to provide this service to members.

You will want to carry a moderate amount of cash, as well as traveler's checks and credit or debit cards. Automated teller machines (ATMs) are handy because you don't have to take as much cash with you, but check with your bank to see if there will be ATMs where you're going. Buy the traveler's checks now, and be sure to keep the records detailing check numbers separate from the checks themselves.

Check camera equipment. Buy fresh batteries and more film than you think you'll need. Resort-area stores charge premium prices for cameras and film.

One Week Ahead

No need to pack yet, but get everything ready. Gather toiletries, medicines, shoes, clothes, first-aid supplies, toys, and activities. Wash clothes and add to the pile. Make a separate pile for carry-on items.

A．A travel agency.

B．A travel health specialist.

C．Passports personnel.

D．Birth certificates personnel.