is a corporation’s own stock that has been issued and subsequently reacquired by purchase.

Section A

According to a new school of scientists, technology has been overlooked as a force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.【51】Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius but by more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.【52】" In short, " a leader of the new school contends "the scientific revolution, as we call it, has been largely caused by the improvement, invention and use of a series of instruments that have expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.

【53】Over the years, tools, and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, and Einstein, and inventors such as Edison, attached great importance to and derived great benefit from, crafty information and technological devices of different kinds that were used in scientific experiments.

The centerpiece of the argument for technology was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motion.【54】Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, were improvements in the machinery used for making eye-glasses.

Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.【55】Whether governments should increase financing for pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which of the two is seen as the driving force.

(51)

A project manager in a predominantly hierarchical organization has been assigned a major project with aggressive timelines . The BEST approach for developing an initial project charter in this environment is to :

A.create a charter using brainstorming sessions with potential team members and stakeholders .

B.create and present a draft project charter to potential team members and stakeholders to solicit their input .

C.create a project charter jointly with the project sponsor for distribution to potential team members and stakeholders .

D.create a charter with the functional managers and present it to the sponsor for signature .

Jazz is a kind of music that has often been called the only art form. to originate in the United States. The history of【B1】began in the late 1800's. The music grew from a【B2】of influences, including black American music, African rhythms, American band traditions and instruments, and European harmonies and forms. Much of the best jazz is still written and【B3】in the United States. But musicians from many other countries are【B4】major contributions to jazz. Jazz was actually【B5】appreciated as an important art form. in Europe【B6】it gained such recognition in the United States.

The earliest jazz was performed by black Americans who had little or no training in Western music. These musicians drew on a strong musical culture from【B7】life. As jazz grew【B8】popularity, its sound was influenced by【B9】with formal training and classical backgrounds. During its history, jazz has absorbed influences from the folk and classical music of Africa, and other parts of the world. The development of instruments with new and【B10】characteristics has also influenced the sound of jazz.

【B1】

A．art

B．music

C．jazz

D．form

Jazz is a kind of music that has often been called the only art form. to originate in the United States. The history of【B1】began in the late 1800's. The music grew from a【B2】of influences, including black American music, African rhythms, American band traditions and instruments, and European harmonies and forms. Much of the best jazz is still written and【B3】in the United States. But musicians from many other countries are【B4】major contributions to jazz. Jazz was actually【B5】appreciated as an important art form. in Europe【B6】it gained such recognition in the United States.

The earliest jazz was performed by black Americans who had little or no training in Western music. These musicians drew on a strong musical culture from【B7】life. As jazz grew【B8】popularity, its sound was influenced by【B9】with formal training and classical backgrounds. During its history, jazz has absorbed influences from the folk and classical music of Africa, and other parts of the world. The development of instruments with new and【B10】characteristics has also influenced the sound of jazz.

【B1】

A．art

B．music

C．jazz

D．form

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one's own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.

A superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable.

Our local grocer's shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing up at a supermarket. And the proprietor knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.

His prices may be a bit higher than those in the town, but he will deliver anything at any time. His assistants think nothing of bicycling down the village street in their lunch hour to take a piece of cheese to an old age pensioner who sent her order by word of mouth with a friend who happened to be passing. The more affluent customers telephone their shopping lists and the goods are on their doorsteps within an hour. They have only to hint at a fancy for some commodity outside the usual stock and the grocer instantly obtains it for them.

The village gains from this sort of enterprise, of course. But I also find it satisfactory because a village shop offers one of the few ways in which a modest individualist can still get along in the world without attaching himself to the big battalions of industry or commerce.

The services available in villages nowadays are normally ______.

A．fewer but still very active

B．less successful than earlier but managing to survive

C．active in providing food for the village, and tourist goods

D．surprisingly energetic considering the little demand for them

TEXT C

The temperature of the Sun is over 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees Fahrenheit at the center. The Sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as a gas, except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a solid core. However, no one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.

Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun, the zones are the corona, chromosphere, photosphere, convection zone, and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the Sun's atmosphere. But since the Sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the Sun begins.

The Sun's outermost layer begins about 10,000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun's rays.

The corona is a brilliant pearly white, filmy light, as bright as the full Moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona's rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spike-like rays near the Sun's north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the Sun's equator.

The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. By the time the Sun's corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.

Matter on the Sun except at the core can exist only in the form. of gas because of the Sun's

[A] size.

[B] age.

[C] location.

[D] temperature.

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior. at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior. more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.

No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior. of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies axial orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.

第36题：The author thinks the reason why custom has been ignored in the academic world is that ________.

A) custom reveals only the superficial nature of human behavior

B) the study of social orders can replace the study of custom

C) people are still not aware of the important role that custom plays in forming our world outlook

D) custom has little to do with our ways of thinking