Which of the following special terms are uncorrect？

Of the following descriptions of natural processes, which suggest that the organisms involved depend on the activator-inhibitor mechanism described through Turing's mathematics? Ⅰ. Pigeons are scattered by a random storm as they make a migration, causing their populations to live in seasonal isolation. Ⅱ. Butterfly populations tend to grow unchecked in certain ecosystems, having few natural enemies. Ⅲ. Lack of food tends to drive many arctic rabbit from the burrows, exposing them to their predators and thereby reducing their population.

A．Ⅰ only

B．Ⅲ only

C．Ⅰ and Ⅱ only

D．Ⅰ and Ⅲ only

E．Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ

Of the following descriptions of natural processes, which suggest that the organisms involved depend on the activator-inhibitor mechanism described through Turing's mathematics? Ⅰ. Pigeons are scattered by a random storm as they make a migration, causing their populations to live in seasonal isolation. Ⅱ. Butterfly populations tend to grow unchecked in certain ecosystems, having few natural enemies. Ⅲ. Lack of food tends to drive many arctic rabbit from the burrows, exposing them to their predators and thereby reducing their population.

A．Ⅰ only

B．Ⅲ only

C．Ⅰ and Ⅱ only

D．Ⅰ and Ⅲ only

E．Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ

Which of the conditions listed will cause a refrigeration compressor to run constantly without simultaneously decreasing the temperature in the refrigerated space?( )

A.Shortage of refrigerant oil

B.Slight shortage of refrigerant

C.Excessive condenser cooling water flow

D.Faulty expansion valve

Passage Four Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.

Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term maintenance of body weight.Unfortunately, that message

has not gotten through to the average American, who would rather try switching to "light" beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion. The Centers for Disease Control, for example, found that fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults who were trying to shed pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet.

In rejecting exercise, some people may be discouraged too much by caloric-expenditure charts;for example, one would have to briskly walk three miles just to work off the 275 calories in one delicious Danish pastry (小甜饼). Even exercise professionals concede half a point here. "Exercise by itself is a very tough way to lose weight," says York Onnen, program director of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports.

Still, exercise's supporting role in weight reduction is vital. A study at the Boston University

Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed that those

who dieted without exercise regained almost all their old weight, while those who worked exercise

into their daily routine maintained their new weight.

If you have been sedentary ( 极少活动的 ) and decide to start walking one mile a day, the

added exercise could burn an extra 100 calories daily. In a year's time, assuming no increase in

food intake, you could lose ten pounds. By increasing the distance of your walks gradually and

making other dietary adjustments, you may lose even more weight.

26. What is said about the average American in the passage?

A．They tend to exaggerate the healthful effect of “light” beer

B．They usually ignore the effect of exercise on losing weight

C．They prefer “light” beer and low-calorie bread to other drinks and food

D．They know the factors that play a positive role in keeping down body weight

Questionsare based on the following passage．

Workers with skills in science， technology， engineering， and mathematics （STEM） are among the mmost in demand and highest paid．They are seen as key drivers of problem-solving and economic growth， who will help shape the future．And most of them are men．Nadya Fouad， a professor of educational psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee， and her colleagues surveyed more than 5，000 women who had graduated from some of the top universities with engineering degrees over the past six decades．They found that 40 percent had either quit the field or never entered the profession in the first place．For more than two decades， women have accounted for about 20 percent of all engineering degrees．Yet fewer than 11 percent of all engineers are women．For the most part， Fouad found that what really pushed women out were uncivil workplace climates， the expectation to put in long hours of face time in the office， and the feeling that there was little opportunity to advance．Of the women who left the field less than five years ago， two-thirds pursued better opportunities in other fields——72 percent became either managers or executives．One-third said they stayed home with children because their companies didn"t settle work-life conflicts．

It is not about making the women more confident or anything．It"s really about the climate in the workplace， Fouad said．Even women who are staying consider leaving because they don"t have superior support．They don"t have training and development opportunities．And their colleagues are not civil to them， look down upon them， or talk behind their backs．The fmdings add weight and context to previous looks at why more women don"t go into or don"t stay in STEM fields．The previous studies tend

to explain that women aren"t "naturally" smart enough， and that these are careers for men．Furthermore， Fouad makes recommendations to create a good work environment．The problem should be recognized that women aren"t leaving just because they want to spend time with their children．They"re leaving because of the difficult workplace climate and lack of opportunity to advance．The company， starting from the managers， is supposed to invest in professional training which is beneficial to the women"s development and advance．

It is commonly believed that STEM workers__________． 查看材料

A.receive less salary compared with their skills

B.are helpful to promote economic development

C.are more than in demand

D.resolve driving problems

Passage Three

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

Americans are a very energetic and mobile people, always on the run; rushing from one appointment to another, from a PTA (Parent Teacher Association) meeting to a social planning committee. They have very little time to spend preparing elaborate（精致的，复杂的）everyday meals to be eaten at leisure. In many homes it is rare for the whole family to sit down at supper together. Clubs and committees force them to grab a quick meal rather than a sit-down supper.

When they do have the chance to eat at home, often the working housewife prefers to prepare meals that can be quickly heated and consumed. It is no wonder, therefore, that America has become a shelter for fast food consumption.

This great transformation occurred after World War Ⅱ when many women began to work full time and spend less time at home with their families. Women, however, wanted to function well in the capacity of homemaker, as well as that of career woman but time became a precious commodity（商品）which had to be carefully used.

Therefore, it was necessary to make her life easier at home in the preparation of the family dinner. Simultaneously with women entering the job market there was also a shifting of the focus of home entertainment from the radio to the television. Television became the latest fashion in the 1950s and no one wanted to miss his or her favorite programs. And then, the place for supper shifted from the dining room to the living room.

As the customs changed, so did the culture. The immediate solution for this was the invention of the TV dinner. These were frozen meals which were divided into portions of meat and vegetables. They could easily be put into an oven（锅）and prepared within minutes. The tin trays（托盘）in which they were served were conveniently carried into the living room and dinner was consumed in front of a TV set. Cleaning up afterwards was no problem. The tin trays were easily thrown into the garbage.

From fast dinners at home the next step was quick eating while on the road. Love for TV was combined with the fascination for the automobile. It is not odd that with the development of the superhighways America saw the beginning of fast food chains. McDonald's paved the way with its variety of burgers and cold drinks soon to be followed by all kinds of other foods. Today dozens of fast-food chain stores can be found along highways, in modern shopping malls and scattered throughout neighborhoods in America. Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, Roy Roger's, Burger King and Wendy's are just a few of the fast-food chains which are now part of American culture． They offer chicken, donuts, tacos and pizza, all quickly produced in great quantities for the masses. These establishments have given shape to the modern lifestyles and diet of the American people.

31．In America, the whole family seldom have dinner together at home because＿．

A．they have so many social activities

B．they have a lot of meetings to attend

C．they rush from one appointment to another

D．they often move from one place to another

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way.

Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations.

Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.

Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators.

In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.

第31题：In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is ________.

A) wrong

B) oversimplified

C) misleading

D) unclear

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Opportunities for rewarding work become fewer for both men and women as they grow older. After age 40, job hunting becomes even more difficult. Many workers stay at jobs they are too old for rather than face possible rejection. Our youth-oriented, throw-away culture sees little value in older people. In writer Lilian Hellman’s words, they have “the wisdom that comes with age that we can’t make use of. “

Unemployment and economic need for work is higher among older women, especially minorities, than among younger white women. A national council reports these findings: though unemployed longer when seeking work, older women job-hunt harder, hold a job longer with less absenteeism (缺勤), perform. as well or better, are more reliable, and are more willing to learn than men or younger women. Yet many older women earn poor pay and face a future of poverty in their retirement years. When “sexism meets ageism, poverty is no longer on the doorstep it moves in,” according to Tish Sommers, director of a special study on older women for the National Organization for Women.

Yet a 1981 report on the White House Conference on Aging shows that as a group, older Americans are the “wealthiest, best fed, best housed, healthiest, most self-reliant older population in our history. “This statement is small comfort to those living below the poverty line, but it does explode some of the old traditional beliefs and fears. Opportunities for moving in and up in a large company may shrink but many older people begin successful small businesses, volunteer in satisfying activities, and stay active for many years. They have few role models because in previous generations the life span was much shorter and expectations of life were fewer. They are ploughing new ground.

Employers are beginning to recognize that the mature person can bring a great deal of stability and responsibility to a position. One doesn’t lose ability and experience on the eve of one’s 65th or 70th birthday any more than one grows up instantly at age 21.

第26题：After the age of 40, ________.

A) most workers are tired of their present jobs

B) many workers tend to stick their present jobs

C) people find their jobs more rewarding than before

D) people still wish to hunt for more suitable jobs

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.

Acculturation, which begins at birth, is the process of teaching new generations of children the customs and values of the parents' culture. How people treat newborns, for example, can be indicative of cultural values. In the United States it is not uncommon for parents to put a newborn in a separate room that belongs only to the child. This helps to preserve parents' privacy and allows the child to get used to having his or her own room, which is seen as a first step toward personal independence. Americans traditionally have held independence and a closely related value, individualism, in high esteem. Parents try to instill these prevailing values in their children. American English expresses these value preferences: children should "cut the (umbilical) cord" and are encouraged not to be "tied to their mothers' apron strings." In the process of their socialization children learn to "look out for number one" and to "stand on their own two feet".

Many children are taught at a very early age to make decisions and be responsible for their actions. Often children work for money outside the home as a first step to establishing autonomy. Nine-or ten-year-old children may deliver newspapers in their neighborhoods and save or spend their earnings. Teenagers (13 to 18 years) may baby-sit neighbors' homes in order to earn a few dollar a week. Receiving a weekly allowance at an early age teaches children to budget their money, preparing them for future financial independence. Many parents believe that managing money helps children learn responsibility as well as appreciate the value of money.

21. According to this passage, the way people treat newborns _____.

A) is a sign of their customs

B) is an indication of their level of knowledge

C) symbolizes their social system

D) varies from culture to culture

22. The expression, "to cut the cord", is used to show that _____.

A) children don't like their parents

B) parents don't feel close to their children

C) parents would not like to live together with their children

D) independence from one's family is an important personal goal in USA

23. Children who are "tied to the apron strings" _____.

A) are caught in their mothers' aprons

B) must always wear an apron when they eat

C) are very dependent on their mothers

D) are independent from their parents

24. American people often let their children work for money outside the home at a very early age because _____.

A) children have to earn money to help the family

B) they need more money

C) they want them to begin establishing autonomy

D) children have to save money for future use

25. It can be inferred from this passage that _____.

A) Americans are money lovers

B) Americans admire independence

C) Americans are good at decision-making

D) Americans are all responsible

Questions 下列各 are based on the following passage. Amid a summer of record-setting heat, a new survey fmds that most of Generation Xs (20世纪60年代到70年代初出生的美国人) young and middle-age adults are tminformed and unconcerned about climate change. Only about 5% of Gen Xers, now 32 to 52 years old, are "alarmed" and 18% "concerned" about climate change, reports the University of Michigans Institute for Social Research on Tuesday. Two-thirds, or 66% , of those surveyed last year said they arent sure global warming is happening and 10% said they dont believe its occurring. "Most Generation Xers are surprisingly disengaged, dismissive or doubtful about whether global climate change is happening and they dont spend much time worrying about it," said author Jon D.Miller. The report comes as several Obama administration officials have recently linked extreme weather to climate change. In a report last week, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration cited six weather events last year and said that atmospheric changes caused by the burning of fossil fuels made Texas heat wave, for example, 20 times more likely than it would have been in the 1960s. The Generation X survey of about 3,000 adults, the fourth in a continuing series, found a small butstatistically significant decline in Gen Xers attention to climate change. In 2011, 16% said they followed the issue very or moderately closely, down from 2296 in 2009. Why are Gen Xere so indifferent? The report, funded by the National Science Foundation, citesclimate changes complexity, pressing economic concerns and "issue fatigue". It finds educated adults tend to be more concerned about the issue. It also finds partisan (党派的) differences; nearly half ofliberal Democrats were concerned or alarmed compared to zero percent of conservative Republicans. Miller said he expected that, given climate changes expected impact on future generations, parents of young children would be more concerned than those without kids. "Not so," he said. " Generation X adults without minor children were. slightly more alarmed aboutclimate change than were parents. The difference is small, but it is in the opposite direction than weexpected. " Miller said the report suggests that while theres broad awareness of climate change, manyGen Xers prefer to focus on more immediate issues such as jobs and schools. What do we know about the Generation X according to the passage?

A.They are a group of people receiving little education.

B.They dont believe global warming will affect them.

C.They dont care very much about climate change.

D.They never think that climate change will happen.