It wasn't until Paul stepped off the plane that he realized people considered him a hero. （Unit 6 Passage A)

What can be inferred about the mountain-climbing in Paul's dream?

A．It was not a great challenge.

B．Though difficult, it was not so dangerous.

C．ff successful, they would be the first to reach the summit.

D．Paul was shocked by the beauty of the mountain.

I was introduced to the concept of literacy animator in Oladumi Arigbede's (1994) article on high illiteracy rates among women and school dropout rates among girls. According to Arigbede, literacy animators view their role as assisting in the self-liberating development of people in the world who are struggling for a more meaningful life. Animators are a family of deeply concerned and committed people whose gut-level rejection of mass human pauperization compels them to intervene on the side of the marginalized. Their motivation is not derived from a love of literacy as merely another technical life skill, and they accept that literacy is never culturally or ideologically neutral.

Arigbede writes from her experiences as an animator working with women and men in Nigeria. She believes that literacy animators have to make a clear choice about whose culture and whose ideology will be fostered among those with whom they work. Do literacy educators in the United States consider whether the instruction they pursue conflicts with their students' traditional cultures or community, or fosters illiteracies in learners' first or home languages or dialects and. in their orality?

Some approaches to literacy instruction represent an ideology of individualism, control, and competition. Consider, for example, the difference in values conveyed and represented when students engage in choral reading versus the practice of having one student read out loud to the group. To identify as a literacy animator is to choose the ideology of "sharing, solidarity, love, equity, co-operation with and respect of both nature and other human beings". Literacy pedagogy that matches the animator ideology works on maintaining the languages and cultures of millions of minority children who at present are being forced to accept the language and culture of the dominant group. It might lead to assessment that examines the performance outcomes of a community of literacy learners and the social significance of their uses of literacy, as opposed to measuring what an individual can do as a reader and writer on a standardized test. Shor (1993) describes literacy animators as problerm-posing, community-based, dialogic educators. Do our teacher-education textbooks on reading and language arts promote the idea that teachers should explore problems from a community-based dialogic perspective?

A literacy animator is one who ______.

A．struggles for a more meaningful life

B．frees people from poverty and illiteracy

C．is committed to marginalize the illiterate

D．is concerned with what is behind illiteracy

The image was riveting, as justice John Paul Stevens, a Chicago native, presented it. A gang member and his father are hanging out near Wrigley Field. Are they there "to rob an unsuspecting fan or just to get a glimpse of Sammy Sosa leaving the ball park?" A police officer has no idea, but under Chicagos anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse. With Stevens writing for a 6-to-3 majority, the Supreme Court last week struck down Chicagos sweeping statute, which had sparked 42,000 arrests in its three years of enforcement. The decision was a blow to advocates of get-tough crime policies. But in a widely noted concurring opinion, Justice Sandra Day OConnor suggested that a less draconian approach-—distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders—might pass constitutional muster. New language could target loiterers "with no apparent purpose other than to establish control over identifiable areas, to intimidate others from entering those areas or to conceal illegal activities," she wrote. Chicago officials vowed to draft a new measure. "We will go back and correct it and then move forward," said Mayor Richard Daley. Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges; California. The state has two anti-loitering statutes on the books, aimed at people intending to commit specific crimes—prostitution and drug dealing. In addition, a number of local prosecutors are waging war against gangs by an innovative use of the public-nuisance laws. In cities such as Los Angeles and San Jose, prosecutors have sought injunctions against groups of people suspected of gang activity. "The officers in the streets know the gang members and gather physical evidence for lengthy court hearings," says Los Angeles prosecutor Martin Vranicar. If the evidence is enough to convince a judge, an injunction is issued to prohibit specific behavior—such as carrying cell phones or pagers or blocking sidewalk passage—in defined geographical areas. "It works instantly," says San Jose city attorney Joan Gallo, who successfully defended the tactic before the California Supreme Court. "A few days after the injunctions, children are playing on streets where they never were before. " So far, only a few hundred gang members have been targeted, out of an estimated 150,000 in Los Angeles alone. But experts say last weeks decision set the parameters for sharper measures. Says Harvard law professor Laurence Tribe: "It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet. "

What does the author intend to illustrate with the example of the gang member and his father?

A．How the anti-loitering law works.

B．How to maintain charming image.

C．How tough the crime policies were.

D．Why Chicago"s sweeping statute stroke down.

The road to controlling population growth in the 20th century was paved with good intentions and unpleasant policies that did not work, a new book argues an historian who grew up as the youngest of eight children might well be expected to approach the question of whether the world is overpopulated from an unusual angle. Matthew Connelly, a professor at Columbia University, dedicates his study of those who thought the planet had too many people and tried to do something about it to his parents, "for having so many children".

Yet, he assures the reader, it Was not his personal experience of large families that drew him to the subject. Mr. Connelly's mentor, Paul Kennedy of Yale University, believed it was necessary to look beyond great-power rivalries to understand the post-cold-war era. In 1994 the pair wrote an article for Atlantic Mouthly arguing that population growth in poor countries, increasing awareness of global economic inequality and the prospect of mass migration could lead to clashes between the West and "the rest".

When, years later, Mr. Connelly began his own book on population growth, he still thought of the topic as a way to offer a broader understanding of world security. He ended up writing a very different-and angry-book, one about people who looked at the human race reproducing itself and saw what a gardener sees when looking at a prize plant: something to be encouraged to bloom in some places and pruned in others.

As the world population soared, the population controllers came to believe they were fighting a war, and there would be collateral damage. Millions of devices were exported to poor countries although they were known to cause infections and sterility. "Perhaps the individual patient is expendable in the general scheme of things," said a participant at a conference on the devices organized in 1962 by the Population Council, a research institute founded by John [D] Rockefeller, "particularly if the infection she acquires is sterilizing but not lethal. "

Furthermore, statistical estimates suggest that as much as 90% of the reason that women have families of a particular size is simply because that is the number of children they want. Where women gained education and rights, birth rates fell. As with reproduction itself, for people to become less fruitful, desire must precede performance.

Which one of the following is NOT true about Matthew Connelly?

A．He is the youngest of 8 children in the family and grew up to be an historian.

B．He is expected to address the population problem from a different perspective.

C．His personal experience of large families is the reason why he wants to do research in population.

D．He wants to dedicate his research to his parents.

听力原文： According to a new study done at the Medical school of the University of California, left handed people may be more likely to have accidents than the right handed. One reason may be that left handers tend to make minor mental mistakes. In the study of 2000 sailors, those who had more mental errors also had more accidents, and left handers were reported to have more mental errors and more accidents than right handers. The author of the study, Harry Smith said" Minor mental mistakes are mistakes that any adults would make when they were tired or careless and they could lead to accidents because they lose track of what we are doing." Paul White, chief of the study program said that he found the study interesting and exciting. But he warned that the conclusions should not be accepted without further investigation. He said the study had limitations, and limitations could have influenced the results. Harry Smith, who is right handed himself, stressed that the study was not an official project and said that the findings cannot be applied to every left bander, tie said minor mental mistakes were mostly because of the lack of concentration. But in the past, it was believed that left handers tended to have more accidents largely because most equipment was designed for right handers.

(33)

A．Right handers are more likely to have mental mistakes.

B．Left handers are more liable to have accidents.

C．Left handers are more skillful in handling things.

D．Right handers get tired easily.

听力原文： According to a new study done at the Medical School of University of California at Los Angeles, left handed people may be more likely to have accidents than the right handed. One reason may be that left handers tend to make more minor mental mistakes. In a study of 2,000 sailors, those who had more mental errors also had more accidents, and left handers were reported to have more mental errors and more accidents than right handcrs. The author of the study, Jim Watson, said "Minor mental mistakes are mistakes that any adults would make when they were tired or careless, and they could lead to accidents because we lose track of what we are doing. Paul White, chief of the study program, said that he found the study interesting and exciting. But he warned that the conclusions should not be accepted without further investigation. He said the study had limitations, and limitations could have influenced the results. Jim Watson, who is right handed himself, stressed that the study was not an official project and said that the findings cannot be applied to every left hander. He said minor mental mistakes can be regarded as evidence of lack of concentration. But in the past, it was believed that left handers tended to have more accidents, largely because most equipment was designed for fight handers.

(30)

A．They are usually more clever.

B．They get tired easily.

C．They are more likely to make minor mental errors.

D．They are more skillful in handling equipment.

What did the ant on Paul's wrist feel about it?

A．It was a new area for discovery.

B．It was very large.

C．It was very dangerous.

D．It was unattractive.