2. Pathogens are:

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

Disease can be one of the most powerful factors in checking population growth. In crowded conditions where many individuals of a species are living close together, the spread of pathogens (病原体) from one individual to another, occurs readily. History shows many instances where human populations, crowded together in cities, have been almost wiped out by the rapid spread of disease. Modern orchard and forestry practice recognizes this fact and the close planting of trees of the same species is avoided. Mixed forests and orchards are the recognized procedure these days.

Apart from regulating population numbers in other species, disease has probably been the greatest factor in controlling the growth of the human population.

In the mid 14th century, the Black Death wiped out 25 million people in Europe alone, while as recently as 1918 over 21 million people died in a single year as a result of the influenza epidemic. The relative stability of the human population has been upset by advances in medical science. No longer does disease regulate human population growth in many parts of the world. Medical cures have prolonged life and upset the age structure of many populations, increasing the proportion of individuals in the reproductive age group.

The decrease in distribution and numbers of some species of native birds in New Zealand-the bellbird for example-has been attributed to disease rather than predation. Indeed, there are examples to show that disease has deliberately been used to control some animal populations. In Australia, for instance, the introduction of the myxomatosis (多发粘液瘤病) virus has drastically reduced the rabbit population in many areas, although increasing resistance to the disease is becoming apparent. Attempts to introduce myxomatosis into New Zealand as a means of rabbit population control have failed, mainly because the species of flea and mosquito that transmit the disease are absent in this country.

Research is currently being carried out to discover whether selected strains of virus can be used to control pathogenic bacteria that have developed a resistance to drugs. It is hoped that the virus will parasite (寄生) and kill the bacteria without harming the organism that the bacteria has infected.

Why is the mixed planting of trees of the same species advocated in modern orchards and forests?

A．Because mixed forests and orchards are the recognized procedures these days.

B．Because trees of same species may spread disease.

C．Because orchards and forests are modern.

D．Because trees planted crowdedly do not have enough room to develop their roots.

Questions 15-20 in Listening Section 2 are NOT assessing a candidate's ability to

A、identify concrete facts.

B、identify key information.

C、understand functional relationships.

D、*

【C2】

A．sold

B．are selling

C．being sold

D．are sold

Section B Reading in Depth Directions: There are 2 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Passage One Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Most aspects of health care have been designed with a focus on the needs of the doctor or other health care provider, rather than the consumer who uses the health services. But health care is ripe for change. This culture has not been deliberately created, and often frustrates doctors and other health providers as much as patients. But it is ingrained in our health care system. The internet and technology have revolutionized the way banks and most other businesses serve their customers. That began two decades ago. Yet we are still waiting for this revolution to reach health care. For many of the most vulnerable (and chronically sick) people, it is very difficult to get the co-ordinated care they need. There are patients who are having to travel long distances to multiple doctors and specialists, to undergo an array of tests that are not co-ordinated or shared and are not flexible to fit around their schedule, because that's what suits the timetable of the hospital, service or specialist. Specialists are often selected by GPs based on familiarity, rather than expertise or the most suitable fee structure. There are still too many people finding out the cost of their treatment after it has occurred, which is totally unacceptable in other services, never mind when we're vulnerable as patients. This system has changed little in decades. But now the public now has more access to medical information than ever. Technology empowers consumers to have more say in their health care, so that they are at the center of health services, rather than clinicians. The rapid development of telemedicine, electronic health monitors, consumer portals and smartphone apps is delivering greater decision-making powers to the consumer. We need to ensure government and community support consumer-led initiatives in the design, delivery and self-management of health. That will mean many vulnerable people receiving support to navigate the system. The era of telemedicine needs to be embraced rather than viewed with distrust. We are increasingly living in a paperless society, but we still see patients having to lug around their test results from specialist to specialist because their health history is not available online. The government has committed funds to fix this but only a tiny proportion of doctors have signed up, and even a smaller number of patients have a comprehensive record of their treatment and tests. Fees for operations and treatments should be spelt out in advance, and ideally publicly available. Patients should be able to look up the performance of public and private hospitals and individual doctors and services. We don't have a health system in Australia: we have a sickness system that needs to be fundamentally reconfigured. We need to increase support for elements of the system that make people better and stop them from getting sick in the first place. This could include extra payments for GPs and companies who help people successfully achieve a healthy diet or more exercise. The results could be measured through the reduction of rates of diabetes, depression, obesity, stroke or cardiovascular disease in the community. Incentives could be given to people with chronic illness who manage their conditions so successfully they reduce their number of hospital stays or appointments. This is a very different world to the system that exists now, and the medical profession will need new skills to deal with patients who view themselves as equal partners in their health care. It’s not farfetched to imagine trainee doctors learning expanded and advanced skills in communication and partnerships alongside anatomy and biochemistry. 11. What does the author complain about the existing health care system?

A、It has been intentionally designed for health care providers.

B、It has been designed for service consumers.

C、It frustrates doctors and patients as well.

D、Technology serves customers in other businesses.

The 4 beads in a bag are identical except that 2 are red and 2 are blue. If 2 beads are to be simultaneously and randomly selected, what is the probability that they will both be blue?

A．1/6

B．1/4

C．1/3

D．1/2

E．5/6

【C2】

A．because

B．as a result

C．besides

D．though

A. Layer 2 broadcast frames are processed by all devices on the same VLAN

B. Layer 2 broadcast frames are discarded by routers that connect to multiple VLANs

C. Layer 2 broadcast frames are relayed by routers to all connected VLANs

D. Layer 2 broadcast frames are relayed by switches to devices on the same VLAN

2．It is said that many people are homeless after the floods. (say)

You are not allowed to write Task 2 first.

A.对

B.错

2：offers a poor view even when the mirrors are used?