Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.

The ( ) refers to the integration of complex physical machinery with networked sensors and software. It draws together fields such as machine learning, big data, the Internet of things and machine-to-machine communication to ingest data form machines, analyze it (often in real-time), and use it to adjust operations.

A.Industrial internet

B.factory interne

C.Industrial web

D.business internet

______refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.

Intellectual Property

The phrase intellectual property (IP) refers to the bundle of legal rights that arise from the creative genius of the human mind. IP rights play an important role in the economic prosperity of a country and serve as a motivating force for creative individuals to share their genius with society. Like real and personal property rights protect one's ownership interest in tangible(有形的)objects, such as land and automobiles, IP rights protect one's ownership interest in intangible objects, such as the idea behind an invention, the music score for a Broadway play and the name or logo used to brand a product. Without enforcement of these rights in the law, it would be difficult for society to prosper and grow. In this article, you will learn what intellectual property rights are and the differences between its various forms.

General Introduction

When most people think of intellectual property rights, patents, trademarks and copyrights come to mind. This core set of IP rights reward and protect the creative works of inventors, authors, owners and sellers of goods and services in the marketplace. While the legal principles that underlie each of these rights are distinct, they each share a common set of principles.

An award of patent, trademark or copyright protection requires a delicate balance between the interests of the inventor or author and the interest of society as a whole. This balance is very much like the tradeoff(折衷) required by zoning laws, which attempt to protect the ownership interest and exclusive right to use that a land owner has with society’s interest in the limited use of the owner's land for society's greater good, Public utility easements and right of ways are examples of this balance.

The grant of a patent on an important invention of a lifesaving drug represents a similar set of tradeoffs. Is it fair to the inventor to allow society free access to the patented drug? Is it fair to society to be denied access for its greater good? It is the role of intellectual Property law to harmonize these seemingly conflicting interests,

Intellectual property rights also foster a competitive marketplace. They do so by encouraging disclosure of innovation through protecting the fruits of that innovation for a period of time. Disclosure allows others to build and improve upon prior innovation so that the state of the art continues to evolve and develop. Without the benefits provided by intellectual property protection, the market place would not operate as effectively. Imagine what the world would be like if every competitor had to continuously "reinvent the wheel" rather than being able to refine and improve upon the works of others.

Finally, intellectual property rights are regional in nature and the conditions of their grant and enforceability are governed by the laws of each jurisdiction(权限). A U.S. patent can be only granted and enforced in accordance with the laws of the United States. A trademark can only be registered and enforced in Canada in accordance with the laws of Canada, and a copyright can only be registered and enforced in Mexico in accordance with its laws. While there is a desire to be somewhat uniform. and consistent, countries have different approaches to intellectual property rights protection. Variations in the procedure for obtaining IP rights account for a large percentage of these difference, rather than the differences in the substantive(永久的) rights granted in each country.

The words "patent" and "trademark" are often used interchangeably. Many times, we hear that a patent is used to protect a logo and that a trademark is used to protect an invention, and vice versa. While patents and trademarks may be associated with the same product, the two words have very different meanings and refer to very different forms of intellectual property rights. They can s

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Environment refers to the thin layer of life and life supports called the biosphere, including the earth’s air, soil, water, and living organisms. The atmosphere that shelters the earth from excessive amounts of ultraviolet radiation and enables life to exist is a gaseous mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, other elements and com pounds, and dust particles. Heated by the sun and by radiant energy from the earth, the atmosphere circulates about the planet and modifies temperature differences. Of the earth’s water, 93 to 97 percent makes up the oceans, 2 percent is ice, and 1 percent is the fresh water in rivers, lakes, groundwater, and atmospheric and soil moisture. The soil is the thin man tie of material such as glacial till and sedimentary rocks, and vegetation. Dependent on all these are the earth’s living or ganisms, including humans. Plant use water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to convert raw materials into carbohydrates through photosynthesis. Animal life, in turn, is dependent on plants.

The species Homo Sapiens -- this is humanity -- appeared late in the earth’s history but was ultimately able to modify the earth's environment by its activities. Although humans apparently first appeared in Africa, they quickly spread throughout the world. Because of their unique mental and physical capabilities, humans were able to escape the environ mental constraints that limited other species and to change the environment to meet their needs.

Although early humans undoubtedly lived in some harmony with the environment, as did other animals, changes in human relationships with the environment and their retreat from the wilderness began with the first, prehistoric agricultural revolution. The ability to control and use fire permitted them to modify or eliminate natural vegetation, and the domestication and herding of grazing animals resulted in overgrazing and soil erosion. The domestication of plants also promoted destruction of natural vegetation to make room for crops, and the demand for wood for fuel and to build cities and ships denuded mountains. Wild animals were slaughtered for food and destroyed as pests and predators.

While human populations remained small and technology modest, human impact on the environment was localized. As populations increased and technology improved and expanded, however, problems arose. In fact, environmental problems have plagued humans and the earth since the dawn of written history. With the Industrial Revolution, humans began in ear nest to change the face of the earth, the nature of its atmosphere, the quantity and quality of its water. Today, unprece dented demands on the environment from a rapidly expanding human population and from advancing technology are causing a continuing and accelerating decline in the quality of the environment and its ability to sustain life.

The ingredient of atmosphere does NOT include ______.

A．carbon dioxide

B．dust particles

C．water vapor

D．sunlight

The term authority refers to the rights inherent in a managerial position to give orders and expect the orders to be followed. Authority was a major concept for the classical management writers; they (1)_____ it as the glue that held an organization together. It was to be delegated (2)_____ to subordinate managers, (3)_____ them certain rights while providing certain specified limits (4)_____ which to operate.

Each management position has certain rights that the position holder (5)_____ just bemuse they hold that position. Authority (6)_____ to one's position within an organization and ignores the personal (7)_____ of the individual manager. It has nothing directly (8)_____ the individual (9)_____ flows from the position that the individual holds. When a person (10)_____ a position of authority, he or she no longer has any authority. The authority remains with the position and (11)_____ new holder. When managers delegate authority, commensurate responsibility must be given (12)_____. That is, when one is given the "right" to do something, one also (13)_____ a corresponding "obligation" to (14)_____. Allocating authority (15)_____ responsibility can create (16)_____ for a person, and no one should be (17)_____ responsible for something (18)_____ which he or she has no authority. Classical writers recognized the (19)_____ of equating authority and responsibility. In (20)_____,they stated that only authority could be delegated. They supported this contention by noting that the delegate was held responsible for the actions of the people to whom work had been delegated.

A．found

B．ordered

C．speculated

D．viewed

The Interaction of Body and Mind

The concept of psychosomatic illness

Psycho, refers to mind, and soma, to body. Psychosomatic illness is the occurrence of bodily symptoms(症状) which are psychological or emotional in origin.

Mind and body are not separate; one affects and is affected by the other. Who has not experienced some physical manifestation of emotional stress? Such experiences as a headache after a quarrel and urinary frequency or diarrhea before an examination are not uncommon, and for most people they are of a temporary nature. The symptoms disappear and are forgotten after the crisis has passed. No treatment may be needed, or the patient may use simple remedies to relieve the discomfort. One person may find that a leisurely walk is the best cure for a headache; another may take aspirin.

Certain conditions have been considered classic examples of psychosomatic illness: pepticulcer, eczema, colitis, and asthma. Personality profiles have been developed to describe the typical characteristics of persons who develop such illness. Another point of view is that human beings are more complex and varied in their responses than such profiles would indicate, and that the type of illness a patient develops in relation to stress varies with many additional factors, such as heredity and environment. Much remains to be learned about the relationship between stress and physical illness.

Physical symptoms, such as palpitation, sweating, or disturbance of sleep, which reflect anxiety, may occur over a prolonged period. The symptoms may seem mysterious and threatening, because the patient is unaware of their cause. The patient whose heart beats more rapidly and forcefully as a manifestation of anxiety may report this symptom to his doctor, believing that something is wrong with his heart. Often the patient is not aware that he is anxious. He knows only that his heart keeps pounding for no apparent reason.

Almost any symptom can have its origin in emotional stress. Some patients almost invariably have the same stress when they become anxious. One may have diarrhea, another asthma, and a third may develop hives or eczema. Some people develop two or several different symptoms; often the symptoms are experienced in an alternating fashion.

The development of bodily symptoms is only one manifestation of anxiety. It may show up also symptoms that are primarily mental, such as the inability to concentrate or to remember. Such symptom too, vary in degree. Many people occasionally experience symptoms like moodiness or depression. When such symptoms are severe or long- lasting, they interfere with the functioning of individual in daily life and with his relationship with others.

Sometimes a person subconsciously develops an illness as a way of handling a desperate need, such as the need for affection. The only real cure is to satisfy the primary desire. An example is a woman who has pain in her heart, not because of organic heart disease, but because the symptom is a way of gaining, if only temporarily, the love and attention for which she longs. Her husband cannot leave her when she is so sick; her children are concerned. Her pain is just as severe as if it had a physical cause.

The reality of psychosomatic illness

Is the patient with psychosomatic illness really sick, or does he merely imagine he is sick? Many people, including the families of patients and members of the health professions, believe that physical illness which is influenced by emotional stress is less real, or wholly imaginary. Acknowledging the reality of the patients' illness is important; it is the first step in helping him.

Patients with psychosomatic illness are likely to be neglected. The same staff who give excellent care to other patients, not uncommonly ignore them. Some possible reasons may include the use of the term psycho as a prefix. Perhaps this conveys the idea

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Telecommuting, also known as teleworking or working from home, is a term that, refers to the use of telecommunications to work in a place removed from the company's office, most often at a home office.

The writer of this passage refers to the history of money in order to ______________.

A．show that silver and gold are previous metals

B．show that one should convert paper money to gold

C．explain the nature of money

D．show that anything can serve as money in modem times

As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones______.