Some kind of balance of good and evil, of extreme good and extreme evil, is of the nature of human society and necessary to it. 选词填空： mysterious influential likewise advantageous

Libraries are in some way the best evidence we have of civilization. In them is the accumulated knowledge of the ages. The core of a college or university is its library. Schools are spoken highly of for the size and effectiveness of their libraries. Since libraries go on indefinitely and survive even the oldest teachers, they are full of very old books.

It is easy to think of a library as a place where a lot of old books sit unused on the shelf. On the other hand, libraries can be thought of as extremely timely and up to date. They have current books, magazines, newspapers, and other materials that would be very expensive and space-consuming if you were to subscribe to them all. Many libraries have extensive collections of nonbook materials as well, including large recorded- music collections.

The best way to use a library is to have some idea of how it is organized. Then you can use the people in the library as efficiently as possible. It is the staff of the library that really make it work. They know where to find the information you need.

You should be aware that different people in the library have different jobs. They range from highly trained reference librarians to part-time clerical help who probably don't know much beyond their specific job. The first thing to do if you are looking for information on a particular topic is to find the right person to help you.

Approach one of the library staff members (preferably one behind the desk in the reference section), and say, "Are you a reference librarian?" If you get an affirmative answer, then explain what you are looking for and, if appropriate, why you are looking for it. The reference librarian can then make a professional judgment about what materials to lead you to. People differ, of course, but generally reference librarians are eager to demonstrate the special training and knowledge they have. Many will really go all out to help you.

A university may be regarded as a nice one because of ______.

A．its size

B．its old teachers

C．its large library

D．its old books

Archaeological.

Archaeological study covers an extremely long span of time and a great variety of subjects. The earliest subjects of archaeolgical study date from the origins of humanity. These include fossil remains believed to be of human ancestors who lived 3.5 million to 4.5 million years ago. The earliest archaeological sites include those in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenye; and elsewhere in East Africa. These sites contain evidence of the first appearance of bipedal(upright-walking), apelike early humans.(46). Some sites also contain evidence of the earliest use of simple tools. Asia about 1.8 million years ago, then into Europe about 900,000 years ago.

The first physically modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared in tropical Africa between 200,000and 150,000 years ago-dates determined by molecular biologists and archaeologists working together. Dozens of archaeological sites through tout Age (100,000 to 15,000 years ago).(47).

Archaeologists have documented that the development of agriculture took place about 10,000 years ago. Early domesticationis evident in such places as the ancient settlement in Jordan and in Mexico. Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who built the city of Ur, and the ancient Egyptians, who are famous for the pyramids near the city of Gina and the royal sepulchers(tombs)of the Valley of the Kings at Thebes.(48).

Archaeological research spans the entire development of phenomena that are nuique to humans. For instance, archaeology tells the story of when people learned to bury their dead and developed beliefs in an afterlife. Sites containig signs of the first simple but purposeful hurials in graves date to as early as 40,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia. By the time people lived in civilizations, burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely important and elaborate rituals.(49). Few burials rival their lavish sepulchres. Being able to trace the development of such rituals over thousands of years has added to our understanding of the development of human intellect and spirit.

Archaeology also examines more recent historical periods. Some archaeologists work with historians to study American colonial life, for example. They have learned such diverse information as how the earliest colonial settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, traded glass beads for food with native Algonquian peoples; how the lives of slaves on plantations reflected their roots in Africa; and how the first major cities in the United States developed.(50). This garbage is the modern equivalent of the remains found in the archaeological record. In the future, archaeologists will continue to move into new realms of study.

[A] For example, the Mocha lords of Sip an in coastal Peru were buried in about ad 400 in fine cotton dress and with exquisite ornaments of bead, gold, and silver.

[B] By 40,000 yeas ago people could be found hunting and gathering food across most of the regions of Africa.

[C] Archaeological studies have also provided much information about the people who first arrived in the Americas over 12,000 years ago.

[D] They were simple plants that had not devloped sepa-appeared in the Silurian period. They were simple plants that had not developed separate stems and leaves.

[E] One site in Tanzania even reveals footprints of humans from 3.6 million years ago.

[F] One research project involves the study of garbage in present-day cities across the United States.

[G] Other sites that represent great human achievement are as varied as the cliff dwellings of the ancient Anasazi(a group of early Native Americans of North America)at Mesa Verde, Colorado; the Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the Andes Mountains of Peru; and the mysterious

听力原文： The earth's oceans are colossal, so much bigger than the land area that they cover 70% of the surface of the earth. They give us food and materials and a major constituent in the formation of our weather. The extremes of temperature on the earth would be much greater, and many places would be too hot or too cold for humans without the oceans to act as the earth's thermostat.

As our supply of fresh water becomes more and more scarce, we have naturally looked to the oceans, the greatest source of water on earth. But there is so much salt in sea water that it is not fit for human consumption. Scientists have been trying to find ways to turn this salt water into fresh water. Machines for the conversion of water are already at work in certain parts of the world, but their cost is still exorbitant. Science will have to find much cheaper ways to do the job.

Possibilities for food abound in the ocean. In addition to the hundreds of varieties of fish, some kinds of seaweed can be eaten. It is nutritious enough, containing many proteins, vitamins, and minerals that humans need for survival, but so far no one has been able to figure out how to disguise its awful taste.

(30)

A．70% of the land surface.

B．Food.

C．Drinking water directly.

D．Mineral water.

听力原文： Scientists say sharks have lived in the world's oceans for millions of years. They also say there are more than 350 different kinds of sharks.

Sharks do not have bones, and a shark has an extremely good sense of smell. It can find small amounts of substances in the water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicals produced by animals. Sharks also sense electrical and magnetic power linked to nerves and muscles of living animals. These powerful senses help them find their food. Some sharks will eat just about anything. Many unusual things have been found in the stomachs of some tiger sharks. They include shoes, dogs, a cow's foot and metal protective clothing.

About 40% of the different kinds of sharks lay eggs. The others give birth to live young. Some sharks carry their young inside their bodies like humans do.

Scientists are beginning to understand the importance of sharks to humans. Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark's body defense system against disease. They know that sharks recover quickly from injuries. Sharks appear never to suffer infections, cancer or heart diseases.

What is this passage mainly about?

A．Call on people to protect sharks.

B．Point out the living environment of sharks.

C．Explain why the sharks are dangerous.

D．An introduction to sharks.

听力原文： Scientists say sharks have lived in the world's oceans for millions of years. Scientists say there are more than three- hundred –fifty different kinds of sharks.

Sharks do not have bones, and a shark has an extremely good sense of smell. It can find small amounts of substances in the water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicals produced by animals. Sharks also sense electrical and magnetic power linked to nerves and muscles of living animals. These powerful senses help them find their food. Some sharks will eat just about anything. Many unusual things have been found in the stomachs of some tiger sharks. They include shoes, dogs, a cow's foot and metal protective clothing.

About forty percent of the different kinds of sharks lay eggs. The others give birth to live young. Some sharks carry their young inside their bodies like humans do.

Scientists are beginning to understand the importance of sharks to humans. Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark's body defense system against disease. They know that sharks recover quickly from injuries. Sharks appear never to suffer infections, cancer or heart diseases.

(33)

A．Call on people to protect sharks.

B．Point out the living environment of sharks.

C．Explain why the sharks are dangerous.

D．An introduction to sharks.

听力原文： Scientists say sharks have lived in the world's oceans for millions of years. Scientists say there are more than three-hundred-and-fifty different kinds of sharks.

Sharks do not have bones, and a shark has an extremely good sense of smell. It can find small amounts of substances in the water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicals produced by animals. Sharks also sense electrical and magnetic power linked to nerves and muscles of living animals. These powerful senses help them find their food. Some sharks will eat just about anything. Many unusual things have been found in the stomachs of some tiger sharks. They include shoes, dogs, a cow's foot and metal protective clothing.

About forty percent of the different kinds of sharks lay eggs. The others give birth to live young. Some sharks carry their young inside their bodies like humans do.

Scientists are beginning to understand the importance of sharks to humans. Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark's body defense system against disease. They know that sharks recover quickly from injuries. Sharks appear never to suffer infections, cancer or heart diseases.

What is this passage mainly about?

A．Call on people to protect sharks.

B．Point out the living environment of sharks.

C．Explain why the sharks are dangerous.

D．An introduction to sharks.

听力原文： Scientists say sharks have lived in the world's oceans for millions of years. Scientists say there are more than three hundred and fifty different kinds of sharks.

Sharks do not have bones, and a shark has an extremely good sense of smell. It can find small amounts of substances in the water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicals produced by animals. Sharks also sense electrical and magnetic power linked to nerves and muscles of living animals. These powerful senses help them find their food. Some sharks will eat just about anything. Many unusual things have been found in the stomachs of some tiger sharks. They include shoes, dogs, a cow's foot and metal protective clothing.

About forty percent of the different kinds of sharks lay eggs. The others give birth to young. Some sharks carry their young inside their bodies like humans do.

Scientists are beginning to understand the importance of sharks to humans. Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark's body defense system against disease. They know that sharks recover quickly from injuries. Sharks appear never to suffer infections, cancer or heart diseases.

(33)

A．Call on people to protect sharks.

B．Point out the living environment of sharks.

C．Explain why the sharks are dangerous.

D．An introduction to sharks.

The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it, suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent.

In practical terms, the new guidelines being developed could result in doctors choosing one drug over another for cost reasons or even deciding that a particular treatment-at the end of life, for example-is too expensive. In the extreme, some critics have said that making treatment decisions based on cost is a form. of rationing.

Traditionally, guidelines have heavily influenced the practice of medicine, and the latest ones are expected to make doctors more conscious of the economic consequences of their decisions, even though there's no obligation to follow them. Medical society guidelines are also used by insurance companies to help determine reimbursement(报销)policies.

Some doctors see a potential conflict in trying to be both providers of patient care and financial overseers.

"There should be forces in society who should be concerned about the budget, but they shouldn't be functioning simultaneously as doctors," said Dr. Martin Samuels at a Boston hospital. He said doctors risked losing the trust of patients if they told patients, "I'm not going to do what I think is best for you because I think it's bad for the healthcare budget in Massachusetts."

Doctors can face some grim trade-offs. Studies have shown, for example, that two drugs are about equally effective in treating macular degeneration, an eye disease. But one costs $50 a dose and the other close to $2,000. Medicare could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year if everyone used the cheaper drug. Avastin, instead of the costlier one, Lucentis.

But the Food and Drug Administration has not approved Avastin for use in the eye, and using it rather than the alternative, Lucentis, might carry an additional, although slight, safety risk. Should doctors consider Medicare's budget in deciding what to use？

"I think ethically(在道德层面上)we are just worried about the patient in front of us and not trying to save money for the insurance industry or society as a whole," said Dr. Donald Jensen.

Still, some analysts say that there's a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not many others are doing so. "In some ways," said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, "it represents a failure of wider society to take up the issue."

57.What do some most influential medical groups recommend doctors do？

A.Reflect on the responsibilities they are supposed to take.

B.Pay more attention to the effectiveness of their treatments.

C.Take costs into account when making treatment decisions.

D.Readjust their practice in view of the cuts in health care.

58.What were doctors mainly concerned about in the past？

A.Specific medicines to be used.

B.Professional advancement.

C.Effects of medical treatment.

D.Patients' trust.

59.What may the new guidelines being developed lead to？

A.The redefining of doctors' roles.

B.Conflicts between doctors and patients.

C.Overuse of less effective medicines.

D.The prolonging of patients' suffering.

60.What risk do doctors see in their dual role as patient care providers and financial overseers？

A.They may be involved in a conflict of interest.

B.They may be forced to divide their attention.

C.They may have to use less effective drugs.

D.They may lose the respect of patients.

61.What do some experts say about doctors' involvement in medical cost analysis？

A.It may add to doctors' already heavy workloads.

B.It will help to save money for society as a whole.

C.It results from society's failure to tackle the problem.

D.It raises doctors' awareness of their social responsibilities.

Plants and Mankind

Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. We don't know what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungle of the Amazon recognize hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them botany has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of" knowledge" at all.

Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.

It is logical that a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned