Language helps to shape our sense of reality by __________.

SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE

Directions: Translate the following text into Chinese.

But the worst of it isn't society’s work-ethic morality; it's your own, which you never knew you bad. You find out how much serf-satisfaction was gained from even the most simple work--related task: a well-worded letter, a well-handled phone call--even a clean fire. Being useful to yourself isn't enough,

But then almost everyone has heard about the need to be a useful member of society. What you didn’t know about was the loneliness. You’ve spent your life almost constantly surrounded by people,in classes,in dorms and at work. To suddenly find yourself with only your cat to talk to an day distorts your sense of reality. You begin to worry that flights of fancy might become one way.

But you always were, and still are, stronger than that. You maintain balance and perspective, mainly through resorting frequently to sarcasm and irrevence. Although something going wrong in any aspect of your life now seems to push you into temporary despair much more easily than before, you have done very important things to hang on to--people who care, your sense of humor your talents, your cat and your hopes.

And beyond that, you've gained something--a little more knowledge and a lot more compassion. You've learned the valive of the rolitime your scorned and the importance of the job you took for granted. But most of all, you've learned what a 7.6 per cent unemployment rate" really means."

Hypnosis(催眠)

1 Increasing numbers of American doctors are using a technique known as hypnosis. They say hypnosis often can help persons suffering pain and stress. It also can help speed the healing of bums, and treats some forms of asthma and some skin diseases. Hypnosis is not new. It has been used for many years both in scientific research and to please crowds at public gatherings,

2 Hypnosis is commonly described as a condition similar to sleep. But, experts say it is more a form. of deep thought. The thought becomes so intense that it is longer just a thought. To the per son, it becomes reality.

3 Hypnotized patients are reported to have increased self-control and a reduced sense of pain. Some doctors use hypnosis to limit pain during a medical operation. Hypnosis is used mainly when the patient may have problems with usual anesthetic or pain-killing drugs.

4 Experts say there is little chance that a patient will awaken during such an operation. But, if this happens, the operation is temporarily halted, and the patient hypnotized again. Doctors may advise hypnosis for women who are giving birth. Dentists may use it in place of traditional pain-killing drugs, such as novocaine (麻醉药).

5 Hypnosis also has been used to treat burn victims. Researchers have found that bum victims who are hypnotized improve faster that those who are not. But, they are not sure why this happens.

6 Hypnosis can reduce or end a patient's pain. But experts say this does not mean the patient is cured. The problem that caused the pain still must be treated.

7 Experts also say persons cannot be forced to do something they would normally oppose. That is why hypnosis often is not effective in treating cigarette smokers and persons who eat or drink too much. The success of the technique depends on how much someone wants it to succeed.

A. Hypnosis Can Reduce or End a Patient's Pain

B. Why Hypnosis Is Not Effective in Treating Cigarette Smokers and Some Other Illness

C. Hypnosis Can Treat Bum Victims

D. The Definition of Hypnosis

E. The Function of Hypnosis

F. The Importance of Hypnosis

Paragraph 2 ______.

VRML的英文全称是()

a.VirtualRealityModelingLanguage

b.VirtualResourceManagementLanguage

c.VirtualRealityMultiLanguage

d.VisualrealityModelingLanguage

Look at the four squares,A ,B ,C , and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage．Where would the sentence best fit?

The power of electronic technologies came from their ability to convey a sense of reality．

A The invention of electronic media changed communication more than any other technological event since the development of writing．B The spread of electronic media occurred with a speed never seen before, thus intensifying commercial and social interaction． There was a tremendous shift in how people received the information that contributed to their understanding of the world．C Voices or pictures could create ideas that appeared authentic—more so than ideas conveyed by the printed word．The graphic，intensely human nature of electronic media enhanced the belief that if it was on the air, it had to be true．D

A．

B．

C．

D．

The fear of Americanization of the planet is more ideological paranoia (多疑) than reality. There is no doubt that, with globalization, English has become the general language of our time, as was Latin in the Middle Ages. And it will continue its ascent, since it is an indispensable instrument for international transactions and communication. But does this mean that English necessarily develops at the expense of the other great languages? Absolutely not. In fact, the opposite is true. The vanishing of borders and an increasingly inter-dependent world have created incentives for new generations to learn and assimilate other cultures, not merely as a hobby, but also out of necessity, because the ability to speak several languages and navigate comfortably in different cultures has become crucial for professional success.

Consider the case of Spanish. Half a century ago, Spanish speakers were an inward- looking community; we projected ourselves in only very limited ways beyond our traditional linguistic confines. Today, Spanish is dynamic and thriving, gaining beachheads or even vast landholdings on all five continents. That there are between 25 and 30 million Spanish speakers in the United States today explains why the two recent US presidential candidates-the Texas governor George W. Bush and the vice-president A1 Gore--campaigned not only in English, but also in Spanish.

How many millions of young men and women around the globe have responded to the challenges of globalization by learning Japanese, German, Mandarin, Cantonese, Russian or French? Fortunately, this tendency will only increase in the coming years. That is why the best defence of our own cultures and languages is to promote them vigorously throughout this new world, not to persist in the naive pretense of vaccinating them against the menace of English. Those who propose such remedies speak much about culture, but they tend to be ignorant people who mask their true vocation: nationalism. And if there is anything at odds with the universalist propensities of culture, it is the exclusionary vision that nationalist perspectives try to impose on cultural life. The most admirable lesson that cultures teach us is that they need not be protected by bureaucrats or commissars, or com fined behind iron bars, or isolated by customs services, in order to remain alive and exuberant; to the contrary, such efforts would only wither or even trivialize culture. Cultures must live freely, constantly jousting with different cultures. This renovates and renews them, allowing them to evolve and adapt to the continuous flow of life. In antiquity, Latin did not kill Greek; to the contrary, the artistic originality and intellectual depth of Hellenic culture permeated Roman civilization and, through it, the poems of Homer and the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle reached the entire world. Globalization will not make lo- cal cultures disappear; in a framework of worldwide openness, all that is valuable and worthy of survival in local cultures will find fertile ground in which to bloom.

It is assumed in the first paragraph that ______.

A．languages differ in importance

B．language helps understand culture

C．there is one world language

D．language reflects culture

The fear of Americanization of the planet is more ideological paranoia(多疑) than reality. There is no doubt that, with globalization, English has become the general language of our time, as was Latin in the Middle Ages. And it will continue its ascent, since it is an indispensable instrument for international transactions and communication. But does this mean that English necessarily develops at the expense of the other great languages? Absolutely not. In fact, the opposite is true. The vanishing of borders and an increasingly interdependent world have created incentives for new generations to learn and assimilate other cultures, not merely as a hobby, but also out of necessity, because the ability to speak several languages and navigate comfortably in different cultures has become crucial for professional success.

Consider the case of Spanish. Half a century ago, Spanish speakers were an inward-looking community; we projected ourselves in only very limited ways beyond our traditional linguistic confines. Today, Spanish is dynamic and thriving, gaining beachheads or even vast landholdings on all five continents. That there are between 25 and 30 million Spanish speakers in the United States today explains why the two recent U.S. presidential candidates—the Texas governor George W. Bush and the vice-president Al Gore—campaigned not only in English, but also in Spanish.

How many millions of young men and women around the globe have responded to the challenges of globalization by learning Japanese, German, Mandarin, Cantonese, Russian or French? Fortunately, this tendency will only increase in the coming years. That is why the best defence of our own cultures and languages is to promote them vigorously throughout this new world, not to persist in the naive pretense of vaccinating them against the menace of English. Those who propose such remedies speak much about culture, but they tend to be ignorant people who mask their true vocation: nationalism. And if there is anything at odds with the universalist propensities of culture, it is the exclusionary vision that nationalist perspectives try to impose on cultural life. The most admirable lesson that cultures teach us is that they need not be protected by bureaucrats or commissars, or confined behind iron bars, or isolated by customs services, in order to remain alive and exuberant; to the contrary, such efforts would only wither or even trivialize culture. Cultures must live freely, constantly jousting with different cultures. This renovates and renews them, allowing them to evolve and adapt to the continuous flow of life. In antiquity, Latin did not kill Greek; to the contrary, the artistic originality and intellectual depth of Hellenic culture permeated Roman civilization and, through it, the poems of Homer and the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle reached the entire world. Globalization will not make local cultures disappear; in a framework of worldwide openness, all that is valuable and worthy of survival in local cultures will find fertile ground in which to bloom.

It is assumed in the first paragraph that______.

A．languages differ in importance

B．language helps understand culture

C．there is one world language

D．language reflects culture

Virtual Reality

??

虚拟现实

??Virtual reality is a system that enables one or more users to move and react in a computer simulated environment. Various types of devices allow users to sense and manipulate virtual objects much as they would real objects^[1]. This natural style of interaction gives participants the feeling of being immersed in the simulated world. Virtual worlds are created by mathematical models and computer programs.

??

Interface Devices

??Virtual reality simulations differ from other computer simulations in that they require special interface devices that transmit the sights, sounds, and sensations of the simulated world to the user^[2]. These devices also record and send the speech and movements of the participants to the simulation program.

??To see in the virtual world, the user wears a head mounted display (HMD) with screens directed at each eye. The HMD also contains a position tracker to monitor the location of the user's head and the direction in which the user is looking. Using this information, a computer recalculates images of the virtual world a slightly different view for each eye to match the direction in which the user is looking, and displays these images on the HMD. The computer must generate these new views at least ten times a second in order to prevent the user's view from appearing halting and jerky and from lagging behind the user's movements. Virtual world scenes must be kept relatively simple so that the computer can update the visual imagery quickly enough. Because of these simplifications and other shortcomings of current visual displays and computer graphics, VR participants can easily distinguish a simulation from physical reality.

??

The User of Virtual Reality

??Users hear sounds in the virtual world through earphones in the HMD. The information reported by the position tracker on the HMD can also be used to update audio signals. When a sound source in virtual space is not directly in front of or behind the user, the computer transmits sounds to arrive at one ear a little earlier or later than at the other and to be a little louder or softer and slightly different in pitch. However, as with visual imagery^[3], there are currently scientific and engineering challenges that must be overcome in order to simulate accurately all the sounds heard in the physical world.

??The haptic interface, which relays the sense of touch and other physical sensations in the virtual world, is the least developed and perhaps the most challenging to create. Currently, with the use of a glove and position tracker, the computer locates the user's hand and measures finger movements. The user can reach into the virtual world and handle objects but cannot actually feel them. It is particularly difficult to generate the sensations that are felt when a person taps a hard surface, picks up an object, or runs a finger across a textured surface.?To simulate these sensations, a set of computer controlled motors, faster and more accurate than any presently available, would have to generate force feedback by physically pushing against the user. Another problem is determining how a user would wear these motors and the wiring needed to control them. Touch sensations would also have to be synchronized with the sights and sounds users experienced in their HMDs. A current solution to the haptic challenge is the use of desktop devices that can apply small forces, through a mechanical linkage, to a stylus held in the user's hand. Users can feel when the point of the stylus encounters a virtual object, and they can drag the stylus across the surface to feel its texture and surface geometry.

??

Development and Uses

??Researchers have been working on virtual reality devices for many years. In the 1960s Raymond Goertz at Argonne National?Laboratory^[4]in Argonne, Illinois, and Ivan Sutherland at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology^[5]in Cambridge^[6], Massachusetts, demonstrated early versions of HMDs. Goertz, and later Michael Noll of Bell Laboratories^[7], also developed prototype force feedback devices. In recent years, virtual reality devices have improved dramatically as the result of various technological advances. Computers now are more powerful, have a higher memory capacity, are smaller, and cost less than in the past. These developments, along with the advent of small liquid crystal displays (LCDs) that can be used in HMDs, have made it possible for scientists to develop virtual reality simulations.

??Virtual reality is currently used to explore and manipulate experimental data in ways that were not possible before. Therapists use VR to treat sufferers of child abuse and people who are afraid of heights. Muscular dystrophy patients can learn to use a wheelchair through virtual reality.

??In the future, surgeons may use VR to plan and practice an operation on a virtual patient rather than a real person. Architects could take clients on a virtual tour of a new house before it was built. VR could be used to train the operators of aircraft and other complicated machinery. Network VR simulations could enable people in many different locations to participate together in teleconferences, virtual surgical operations, or simulated military training exercises.

??

Virtual Reality Programs

??Virtual reality programs give users three essential capabilities—immersion, navigation, and manipulation. People must be immersed in the alternate reality, not merely feel as if they are viewing it on a screen. To this end, some programs require people to wear headphones, use special controllers or foot pedals, or wear 3D glasses. The most sophisticated means of immersing users in a virtual reality program is through the use of head mounted displays, helmets that feed slightly different images to either eye and that actually move the computer image in the direction that the user moves his or her head. Virtual reality programs also create a world that is completely consistent internally. Thus, one can navigate one's way through that world as "realistically" as in the real world. For example, a street scene will always show the same doors and windows, which, though their perspective^[8]may change, is always absolutely consistent internally. The most important aspect of a virtual reality program is its ability to let people manipulate objects in that world. Pressing a button may fire a gun, holding down a key may increase a plane's speed, clicking a mouse may open a door, or pressing arrow keys may rotate an object.

??

Flight Simulator

??A flight simulator^[9]is a computer generated recreation of the experience of flying. Sophisticated flight simulators, costing hundreds of thousands^[10]of dollars, can provide pilot training, simulating emergency situations without putting human crews and planes at risk^[11]. Flight simulator software running on personal computers simulates flight in a less realistic fashion; it provides entertainment and practice in navigation and instrument reading.

??A flight simulator is a perfect example of programs that create a virtual reality (or cyberspace^[12]), or a computer generated "reality" in which the user does not merely watch but is able to actually participate. The user supplies input to the system by pushing buttons or moving a yoke or joy stick, and the computer uses real world data to determine the results of those actions. For example, if the user pulls back on the flight simulators yoke, the computer translates the action according to built-in rules derived from the performance of a real airplane. The monitor will show exactly what an airplane's viewscreen would show as it begins to climb. If the user continues to climb without increasing the throttle, the "virtual plane" will stall (as would a real plane) and the "pilot" will lose control. Thus the user's physical actions are immediately and realistically reflected on the computer' s display. For all intents and purposes^[13], the user is flying, that is, the "plane" obeys the same laws of nature, has the same mechanical capabilities, and responds to the same commands as a real airplane.

??Notes

??[1] Various types... as they would real objects. as在这里为连词，意为“如同”，引出方式状语从句，因实际情况并非如此，故从句用了虚拟语气；另因该从句的谓语动词与主句中不定式动词sense and manipulate相同，所以也省略了。

??[2] in that they... devices that: 句中第一个that引出介词in的宾语从句，与in在一起表示原因；第二个that引出的是定语从句，修饰devices。

??[3] as with visual imagery... as (challenges) with visual imagery (that have been overcome)：正像战胜视觉形象的挑战一样。

??[4] Argonne National Laboratory：阿贡国家实验室，美国核能及高能物理研究中心。该中心位于芝加哥附近，始建于1946年，现有职员约5,000人，拥有强脉冲中子源和质子加速器等先进设备。

??[5] the Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 庥省理工学院。

??[6] Cambridge: 坎布里奇市(旧译剑桥)，在美国麻省境内，是世界著名的教育和研究中心，哈佛大学、麻省理工学院及其他一些著名大学位于此地。

??[7] Bell Laboratories：贝尔实验室美国电话电报公司(AT&T)的分支，以其在通讯和计算机方面的成就著名。它是晶体管、C语言和UNIX操作系统的发祥地。

??[8] perspective：事物相互关系的外观。

??[9] a flight simulator:飞行模拟器。

??[10] hundreds of thousands:几十万。

??[11] to put... at risk：拿……去冒险。

??[12] cyberspace: 计算机控制空间。

??[13] For all intents and purposes：实际上，实质上。

??Proper Names

??Raymond Goertz雷蒙德·哥尔兹(人名)

??Ivan Sutherland伊凡·苏萨兰(人名)

??Michael Noll迈克尔·诺尔(人名)

??Argonne阿贡(地名)

??Illinois(美国)伊利诺伊州

??Cambridge坎布里奇(旧译“剑桥”，美国城市)

??Massachusetts(美国)马萨诸塞州(旧译麻省)

Which of the following can help you get into the habit of reality testing?

A．Videotaping your life.

B．Bringing a memo pad.

C．Setting an alarm clock.

D．Regulating your hobbies.

Virtual Reality

  

虚拟现实

  Virtual reality is a system that enables one or more users to move and react in a computer simulated environment. Various types of devices allow users to sense and manipulate virtual objects much as they would real objects^[1]. This natural style of interaction gives participants the feeling of being immersed in the simulated world. Virtual worlds are created by mathematical models and computer programs.

  

Interface Devices

  Virtual reality simulations differ from other computer simulations in that they require special interface devices that transmit the sights, sounds, and sensations of the simulated world to the user^[2]. These devices also record and send the speech and movements of the participants to the simulation program.

  To see in the virtual world, the user wears a head mounted display (HMD) with screens directed at each eye. The HMD also contains a position tracker to monitor the location of the user's head and the direction in which the user is looking. Using this information, a computer recalculates images of the virtual world a slightly different view for each eye to match the direction in which the user is looking, and displays these images on the HMD. The computer must generate these new views at least ten times a second in order to prevent the user's view from appearing halting and jerky and from lagging behind the user's movements. Virtual world scenes must be kept relatively simple so that the computer can update the visual imagery quickly enough. Because of these simplifications and other shortcomings of current visual displays and computer graphics, VR participants can easily distinguish a simulation from physical reality.

  

The User of Virtual Reality

  Users hear sounds in the virtual world through earphones in the HMD. The information reported by the position tracker on the HMD can also be used to update audio signals. When a sound source in virtual space is not directly in front of or behind the user, the computer transmits sounds to arrive at one ear a little earlier or later than at the other and to be a little louder or softer and slightly different in pitch. However, as with visual imagery^[3], there are currently scientific and engineering challenges that must be overcome in order to simulate accurately all the sounds heard in the physical world.

  The haptic interface, which relays the sense of touch and other physical sensations in the virtual world, is the least developed and perhaps the most challenging to create. Currently, with the use of a glove and position tracker, the computer locates the user's hand and measures finger movements. The user can reach into the virtual world and handle objects but cannot actually feel them. It is particularly difficult to generate the sensations that are felt when a person taps a hard surface, picks up an object, or runs a finger across a textured surface. To simulate these sensations, a set of computer controlled motors, faster and more accurate than any presently available, would have to generate force feedback by physically pushing against the user. Another problem is determining how a user would wear these motors and the wiring needed to control them. Touch sensations would also have to be synchronized with the sights and sounds users experienced in their HMDs. A current solution to the haptic challenge is the use of desktop devices that can apply small forces, through a mechanical linkage, to a stylus held in the user's hand. Users can feel when the point of the stylus encounters a virtual object, and they can drag the stylus across the surface to feel its texture and surface geometry.

  

Development and Uses

  Researchers have been working on virtual reality devices for many years. In the 1960s Raymond Goertz at Argonne National Laboratory^[4]in Argonne, Illinois, and Ivan Sutherland at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology^[5]in Cambridge^[6], Massachusetts, demonstrated early versions of HMDs. Goertz, and later Michael Noll of Bell Laboratories^[7], also developed prototype force feedback devices. In recent years, virtual reality devices have improved dramatically as the result of various technological advances. Computers now are more powerful, have a higher memory capacity, are smaller, and cost less than in the past. These developments, along with the advent of small liquid crystal displays (LCDs) that can be used in HMDs, have made it possible for scientists to develop virtual reality simulations.

  Virtual reality is currently used to explore and manipulate experimental data in ways that were not possible before. Therapists use VR to treat sufferers of child abuse and people who are afraid of heights. Muscular dystrophy patients can learn to use a wheelchair through virtual reality.

  In the future, surgeons may use VR to plan and practice an operation on a virtual patient rather than a real person. Architects could take clients on a virtual tour of a new house before it was built. VR could be used to train the operators of aircraft and other complicated machinery. Network VR simulations could enable people in many different locations to participate together in teleconferences, virtual surgical operations, or simulated military training exercises.

  

Virtual Reality Programs

  Virtual reality programs give users three essential capabilities—immersion, navigation, and manipulation. People must be immersed in the alternate reality, not merely feel as if they are viewing it on a screen. To this end, some programs require people to wear headphones, use special controllers or foot pedals, or wear 3D glasses. The most sophisticated means of immersing users in a virtual reality program is through the use of head mounted displays, helmets that feed slightly different images to either eye and that actually move the computer image in the direction that the user moves his or her head. Virtual reality programs also create a world that is completely consistent internally. Thus, one can navigate one's way through that world as "realistically" as in the real world. For example, a street scene will always show the same doors and windows, which, though their perspective^[8]may change, is always absolutely consistent internally. The most important aspect of a virtual reality program is its ability to let people manipulate objects in that world. Pressing a button may fire a gun, holding down a key may increase a plane's speed, clicking a mouse may open a door, or pressing arrow keys may rotate an object.

  

Flight Simulator

  A flight simulator^[9]is a computer generated recreation of the experience of flying. Sophisticated flight simulators, costing hundreds of thousands^[10]of dollars, can provide pilot training, simulating emergency situations without putting human crews and planes at risk^[11]. Flight simulator software running on personal computers simulates flight in a less realistic fashion; it provides entertainment and practice in navigation and instrument reading.

  A flight simulator is a perfect example of programs that create a virtual reality (or cyberspace^[12]), or a computer generated "reality" in which the user does not merely watch but is able to actually participate. The user supplies input to the system by pushing buttons or moving a yoke or joy stick, and the computer uses real world data to determine the results of those actions. For example, if the user pulls back on the flight simulators yoke, the computer translates the action according to built-in rules derived from the performance of a real airplane. The monitor will show exactly what an airplane's viewscreen would show as it begins to climb. If the user continues to climb without increasing the throttle, the "virtual plane" will stall (as would a real plane) and the "pilot" will lose control. Thus the user's physical actions are immediately and realistically reflected on the computer' s display. For all intents and purposes^[13], the user is flying, that is, the "plane" obeys the same laws of nature, has the same mechanical capabilities, and responds to the same commands as a real airplane.

  Notes

  [1] Various types... as they would real objects. as在这里为连词，意为“如同”，引出方式状语从句，因实际情况并非如此，故从句用了虚拟语气；另因该从句的谓语动词与主句中不定式动词sense and manipulate相同，所以也省略了。

  [2] in that they... devices that: 句中第一个that引出介词in的宾语从句，与in在一起表示原因；第二个that引出的是定语从句，修饰devices。

  [3] as with visual imagery... as (challenges) with visual imagery (that have been overcome)：正像战胜视觉形象的挑战一样。

  [4] Argonne National Laboratory：阿贡国家实验室，美国核能及高能物理研究中心。该中心位于芝加哥附近，始建于1946年，现有职员约5,000人，拥有强脉冲中子源和质子加速器等先进设备。

  [5] the Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 庥省理工学院。

  [6] Cambridge: 坎布里奇市(旧译剑桥)，在美国麻省境内，是世界著名的教育和研究中心，哈佛大学、麻省理工学院及其他一些著名大学位于此地。

  [7] Bell Laboratories：贝尔实验室美国电话电报公司(AT&T)的分支，以其在通讯和计算机方面的成就著名。它是晶体管、C语言和UNIX操作系统的发祥地。

  [8] perspective：事物相互关系的外观。

  [9] a flight simulator:飞行模拟器。

  [10] hundreds of thousands:几十万。

  [11] to put... at risk：拿……去冒险。

  [12] cyberspace: 计算机控制空间。

  [13] For all intents and purposes：实际上，实质上。

  Proper Names

  Raymond Goertz雷蒙德·哥尔兹(人名)

  Ivan Sutherland伊凡·苏萨兰(人名)

  Michael Noll迈克尔·诺尔(人名)

  Argonne阿贡(地名)

  Illinois(美国)伊利诺伊州

  Cambridge坎布里奇(旧译“剑桥”，美国城市)

  Massachusetts(美国)马萨诸塞州(旧译麻省)

What is the chief advantage of the virtual reality techniques when used in microsurgery?

A．The medical students and surgeons can use it to practise simulated surgical operations as if operating on a real patient.

B．Medical students and surgeons can do any operations without considering their consequences.

C．It helps to do operations on human eyes extremely accurately.

D．It allows surgeons and their students to set their imagination free.