The score of TOEFL that a test taker gets can be held valid for ________ years.

The general election of the United States is held every ______ years.

A．3

B．4

C．5

D．6

Material culture refers to what can be seen, held, felt, used--what a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music culture. The most vivid body of material culture in it, of course, is musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra.

Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather man from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on music and, when it becomes widespread, on the music culture as a whole.

One more important part of music's material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media--radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of' the "information revolution", a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modem nations; they have affected music cultures all over the globe.

Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance because _________.

A．it helps produce new cultural tools and technology

B．it can reflect the development of the nation

C．it helps understand the nation's past and present

D．it can demonstrate the nation's civilization

听力原文： Eleanor Roosevelt was the First lady of the United States for some twelve years, but she was much more than that. Long before she became the First Lady, she was working for a better society. Her many activities included work to improve lots of disadvantaged women and to help all women develop their potential. In 1902, at about the time she became involved with Franklin Roosevelt, she began to work as a volunteer at the Rivington Street Settlement House in one of New York's slum districts. There she taught young women who could not regularly attend school due to their long working hours. This experience, Eleanor's first extended contact with poverty and its demands, helped shape her social conscience; it also exposed Franklin to real poverty for the first time.

(35)

A．The President Franklin Roosevelt's wife.

B．A woman working for the President.

C．A famous writer of America.

D．A kind woman liking to help the poor.

The theme of the novel is that a person's fate ________ that of the whole country.

A．is closely linked up with

B．is closely dealt with

C．is closely taken as

D．is closely tied up with

The surrogate students are only the latest symptom of an epidemic of corruption that has gripped the Russian higher education system. A report published this week by the Ministry of Education and Moscow's Higher School of Economics (HSE) showed that more than ＄ 300m was paid in bribes to enter the country's educational establishments last year. A direct bribe to lecturers to enter an institution can be up to ＄ 30 000 for a top law faculty, the HSE estimates.

"In our school alone this spring we caught four impostors who were attempting to sit the entrance tests in place of others," said Grigory Kantorovich, deputy head of the HSE. "Those were not isolated cases; it's a whole, specialised business."

Such corruption is multiplied by a burgeoning market in coursework and diplomas written by teachers and lecturers, which can be bought over the Internet.

A police spokesman said there was no dedicated unit for tackling corruption in education, but individual cases were investigated if evidence was handed over.

The writing of the Constitution of the United States is an act of such genius that philosophers still wonder at its accomplishment and envy its results. Fifty-five typical American citizens met and argued for 127 days during a ferociously hot Philadelphia summer and produced one of the magisterial documents of world history. Al- most without being aware of their great achievement, they fashioned a nearly perfect instrument of government, and I have studied it for nearly 70 years with growing admiration for its utility and astonishment at its capacity to change with a changing world. It is a testament to what a collection of typical free men can achieve.

I think this is the salient fact about our Constitution. All other nations which were in existence in 1787 have had to alter their form. of government in the intervening years. France, Russia and China have undergone momentous revolutions. Stable nations like Sweden and Switzerland have had to change their forms radically. Even Great Britain, most stalwart of nations, has limited sharply the power of its monarch and its House of Lords. Only the United States, adhering to the precepts of its Constitution, has continued with the same form. of government. We are not of the younger nations of the world; we are the oldest when it comes to having founded the government which suits it best.

It is instructive to remember the 55 men who framed this document. Elder statesmen like George Washington and Benjamin Franklin contributed little to the debate but greatly to the stability and inspiration of the convention. Thomas Jefferson, perhaps the most brilliant American of those days, missed the meetings entirely he was on diplomatic duty in France. The hard central work of determining the form. of government seems to have been done by a handful of truly great men. James Madison and George Mason of Virginia, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, James Wilson and Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania. Alexander Hamilton of New York did not speak much but did exert considerable influence.

The 55 contained a college president, a banker, a merchant, a great reaches of lawyer, a judge, a mayor, a clergyman, a state governor and a surgeon. One-sixth of the members were foreign born. Two were graduates of Oxford University, one of St. Andrews in Scotland. But the group also contained some real nonentities, in- eluding a military man who had been court-martialed for cowardice during the Revolution, some who contributed nothing to the debate, and some who were not quite able to follow what was being debated.

What this mix of men did was create a miracle in which every American should take pride. Their decision to divide the power of the government into three parts--Legislative, Executive, Judicial--was a master stroke, as was the clever way in which they protected the interests of small states by giving each state two Senators, regardless of population, and the interest of large states by apportioning the House of Representatives according to population.

But I think they should be praised mostly because they attended to those profound principles by which free men have through the centuries endeavored to govern themselves. The accumulated wisdom of making speaks in this Constitution.

What is the major point that the author is making in the article?

A．The Constitution, one of the greatest documents of the world, was written by fifty-five men of varying talents and backgrounds.

B．The Constitution owes its greatness to the fact that it has never changed in a changing world.

C．The Constitution was written by many people working together cooperatively.

D．The Constitution was written by many people, all of whom were thinkers of the highest order.

Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"--physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used--that a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph (留声机) was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra.

Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America, Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation (乐谱) has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.

One more important part of music's material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media--radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette recorder, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information revolution'', a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations, they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.

Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance because ______.

A．it helps produce new cultural tools and technol0g~,

B．it can reflect' the development of the nation

C．it helps understand the nation's past and present

D．it can demonstrate the nation's civilization

The U. S. Bureau has estimated that the population of the United States could approach 300 million in 2000 and will be 400 million in 2020. And the U.S. Department of Commerce estimates that the average U.S. per capita income will increase from $3,400 in 1969 to the equivalent of $8,300 (assuming a 1967 price level) in the year 2000, 2.5 times as much as that of 1969.

According to government statistics, in the United States, there are over 110 million cars and "more people" means "more cars". By the end of twenties of next century, the population of the United States will have doubled that of today and the number of automobiles will be doubled as well. And in twenty-year's time the per capita income will also be 2.5 times higher than it is. If this increase income is spent on more and larger automobiles, larger houses, and increased consumption of other material goods, the results could cause catastrophic resource exhaustion, and pollution. Take the increase of the consumption of oil for instance. The consumption is so huge that the reserves might last only a decade or two if not supplemented by imports.

Ten years ago it appeared that nuclear power would solve the anticipated energy crisis. Although supplies of uranium fuel were known to be limited and might become exhausted in half a century, the nuclear power plant has for a long time been a favorite project. But work on it has met with grave problems. The fear of possible atomic explosion and the problem of disposing of polluting by-product waste have slowed down the construction of further nuclear plants. Eventually atomic technology may be able to control these problems, but at present there seems to be little agreement among atomic scientists about when this can be achieved.

Which of the trend is true?

A．The population will increase, but the income will decrease.

B．The population will decrease, but the income will increase.

C．Both will increase.

D．Both will decrease.

The population of the United States is only 6% of the world's population, but Americans 【21】______ one third of all the energy 【22】______ in the world. This fact alone says that Americans need to use less energy. And because the price of energy had been rising very rapidly 【23】______ the limited supplies of oil in particular, Americans are becoming aware to the need to 【24】______ energy. In California we have a California Energy Commission which has set up in the past five years to 【25】______ plan for our future energy use. We have 【26】______ laws in California to help us conserve energy. First of all, our houses in California have been very 【27】______ of energy in the past. They were not 【28】______ very carefully and so the heat would go out of the house very rapidly. Now we require that the homes have a 【29】______ level of insulation, and so the homes built now are much more 【30】______ .

【31】______ , in transportation 【32】______ a large percentage of oil energy is used, we need to develop more public transportation. In China, of course you have a very good public transportation system. And it is a (n) 【33】______ for the kind of thing we need to develop more in the United States. Automobiles are also becoming more 【34】______ . The smaller automobile with efficient engine can help to conserve a large amount of energy along with planning our 【35】______ more carefully.

Many different studies have shown that we could 【36】______ our energy consumption by 【37】______ half or two thirds and still have the 【38】______ quality of life. And many different types of technologies are currently being researched as to 【39】______ they can be built to use 【40】______ energy and still supply the same service.

【21】

A．conserve

B．consume

C．produce

D．supply

It can be inferred in the passage that ______.

A．the President of the United States can enjoy some working vacations when he is too tired

B．no American Born Chinese can meet the qualifications for President of the United States

C．the President of the United States actually should meet more qualifications than those stated in the Constitution

D．the President of the United States is playing a leading role among all the three branches of the US Government