4. Grade-one thinkers are persons of reason and logic.

The two most common kinds of logic or reasoning are inductive and deductive.

Inductive reasoning is mainly scientific and factual it begins with collected data,experiments. and examples.When enough information has been colleted,a statement of aprinciple is taken from the examples.

Deductive reasoning begins with a general principle and applies it to a specifie instance or specific instances The conclusions of deduetive thinkers are more tentative than the conclusions of inductive thinkers, who arrive at a principle instead of starting from one.Deductive thinkers are accurate only to the extent that their principle is correct and only to the extent that they have applied it truly.

Both inductive thinking and deductive thinking are tested. and questioned by those to whom the conclusions are presented. Of an inductive thinker,one asks whether the facts are true. whether the exceptions have been noted, whether the selection of materials is representative. whether the conclusions are truly and accurately drawn from the data,whether the conclusions are stated precisely or exaggerated(夸大的). Of a deductive thinker, one asks whether the given principle is impartial truth or mere personal opinion,whether it is applied to materials relevantly,whether the conclusion is accurate according to the principie, and whether exceptions have been noted.

With good motives and bad, with bonesty and with deceit. different thinkers teach different conclusions derived from the same data or from the same principle. What is the difference between inductive thinking and deductive thinking?

A.Inductive thinking starts from data, experiments and examples and then arrives at a principle,while deductive thinking starts only from data

B.Inductive thinking starts from a principle,and then applies it to a specifie instance or specific instances, while deductive thinking starts from data experiments and examples and then arrives at a principle

C.Inductive thinking starts from data, experiments and examples and then arrives at a principle,while deductive thinking starts from a general principle,and then applies it to a specific instance or specific instances

D.Inductive thinking starts from data and then applies them to specific instances,while deduetive thinking starts from experiments and then appliesthem to specific instances

Which one of the following should an inductive thinker pay attention to?A.Whether the general principle is impartial truth or mere personal opinion.

B.Whether he is honest or not.

C.Whether the facts are true or not

D.Whether the general principle is applied to material relevantly.

The common concern for inductive thinkers and deductive thinkers is___A.whether the exceptions have been noticed

B.whether they are bearing good motives or not

C.whether the conclusions are derived from the same data

D.whether they starts from the same general principle

Which statement among the following is true?A.Deductive thinking is mainly scientific and factual

B.The deductive thinkers will never be accurate

C.Both inductive thinking and deductive thinking are tested and questioned by those to whom the conclusions are presented

D.One will not care about whether the facts used by an inductive thinker are representative or not

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Text 4 Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil. You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today. After all, what is the one modern form. of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology. People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too. Today the messages your average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda--to lure us to open our wallets to make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks. What we forget--what our economy depends on is forgetting--is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.

第36题：By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that

A. Poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music. B. Art grow out of both positive and negative feeling. C. Poets today are less skeptical of happiness. D. Artist have changed their focus of interest.

Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.

This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for ex- pressing ioy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.

You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.

After all, what is the one modern form. of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.

Today the messages your average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda—to lure us to open our wallets to make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.

What we forget—what our economy depends on is forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you wiI1 die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.

By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that ______.

A．Poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.

B．Art grow out of both positive and negative feeling.

C．Poets today are less skeptical of happiness.

D．Artist have changed their focus of interest.

Lateral thinkers are different from vertical thinkers in that ______.

A．they tend to look into a situation from all different angles to work out a solution

B．they try to attack their problem in every possible way on the basis of the assumption that there must be a solution to the problem

C．they believe there is a solution to every problem and will examine the problem in different ways

D．they think careful and logical analysis is indispensable to the solution of a complicated problem

It's official that married people are healthier, or at least they think they are. An American survey of【C1】______100 000 people shows that, despite changing social【C2】______in society, there is a【C3】______between being married and being【C4】______.

One reason could be that people【C5】______physical, mental or emotional problems are less likely to marry in the first【C6】______, but married people also benefit【C7】______greater support from family and friends and this【C8】______their health. Divorce and bereavement increase stress, as well as affecting many people【C9】______.

Married people are less likely than single people to smoke, drink heavily or drive【C10】______they have been drinking. They are also【C11】______likely to wear seat belts in a car and more married people【C12】______safety devices in their homes. All of【C13】______reduce the chances of disease or injury.

Single people, by contrast,【C14】______to lead less organized lives. They take less care of【C15】______they eat and when they eat it.

【C16】______it seems that the best advice is get married, but make【C17】______you find the right partner.【C18】______you get it wrong, the stress of a divorce【C19】______mean your health gets worse than【C20】______you were single.

【C1】

A．more

B．beyond

C．near

D．over

There are two types of people in the world. Although they have equal degrees of health and wealth and the other comforts of 'life, one becomes happy, the other becomes miserable. This arises from the different ways in which they consider things, persons and events, and the resulting effects upon their minds.

The people who are to be happy fix their attention on the conveniences of things, the pleasant parts of conversation, the well-prepared dishes, the goodness of the wines, the fine weather. They enjoy all the cheerful things. Those who are to be unhappy think and speak only of the contrary things. Therefore, they are continually, discontented. By their remarks, they sour the pleasures of society, offend many people, and make themselves disagreeable everywhere. If this turn of mind were founded in nature, such unhappy persons would be the more to be pitied. The tendency to criticize and be disgusted is perhaps taken up originally by imitation. It grows into a habit, unknown to its possessors. The habit may be strong, but it may be cured when those who have~ it are convinced of its bad effects on their interests and tastes. I hope this little warning may be of service to them, and help them change this habit.

Although in fact it is chiefly an act of the imagination, it has serious consequences in life, since it brings on deep sorrow and bad luck. Those people offend many others, nobody loves them, and no one treats them with more than the most common politeness and respect, and scarcely that. This frequently puts them in bad temper and draws them into arguments. If they aim at obtaining some advantage in rank or fortune, nobody wishes them success. Nor will anyone stir a step or speak a word of favour for their hopes. If they bring on themselves public disapproval, no one will change this bad habit and condescend to be pleased with what is pleasing, without worrying needlessly about themselves and others. If they do not, it will be good for others to avoid any contact with them. Otherwise, it can be disagreeable and sometimes very inconvenient, especially when one becomes mixed up in their quarrels.

People who are unhappy______

A．always consider things differently from others

B．usually are influenced by the results of certain things

C．can discover the unpleasant part of certain things

D．usually have a fault-finding habit

There are two types of people in the world. Although they have equal degrees of health and wealth and the other comforts of life, one becomes happy, the other becomes miserable. This arises from the different ways in which they consider things, persons, and events, and the resulting effects upon their minds.

The people who are to be happy fix their attention on the conveniences of things, the pleasant parts of conversations, the well-prepared dishes, the goodness of the wines, the fine weather. They enjoy all the cheerful things. Those who are to be unhappy think and speak only of the contrary things. Therefore, they are continually discontented. By their remarks, they sour the pleasures of society, offend many. people, and make themselves disagreeable everywhere. If this turn of mind were founded in nature, such unhappy persons would be the more to be pitied. The tendency to criticize and be disgusted is perhaps taken up originally by imitation. It grows into a habit, unknown to its possessors. The habit may be strong, but it may be cured when those who have it are convinced of its bad effects on their interests and tastes. I hope this little warning may be of service to them, and help them change this habit.

Although in fact it is chiefly an act of imagination, it has serious consequences in life, since it brings on deep sorrow and bad luck. Those people offend many others, nobody loves them, and no one treats them with more than the most common politeness and respect, and scarcely that. This frequently puts them in bad temper and draws them into arguments. If they aim at obtaining some advantage in rank or fortune, no body wishes them success. Nor will anyone stir a step or speak a word to favor their hopes. If they bring on themselves public disapproval, no one will defend or excuse them, and many will join to criticize their misconduct. These people should change this bad habit and condescend (俯就) to be pleased with what is pleasing, without worrying needlessly about themselves and others. If they do not, it will be good for others to avoid any contact with them. Otherwise, it can be disagreeable and sometimes very inconvenient, especially when one becomes mixed up in their quarrels.

The main idea of this passage is ______.

A．one type of people becomes happy.

B．one type of people becomes miserable.

C．the happy people enjoy all the cheerful things.

D．there are two types of people in the world.

根据下列材料，请回答1~5题：Some people think the railways are dead for many reasons except that__________ A． planes and motorcars have taken the place of trains B. oil is expensive today C. trains are slow D. railways lose money