Cement is a powder with the property of setting into a hard mass after it has been mixed with water.

Universalization of education has been a policy priority, but it still remains an unfulfilled dream. As a consequence, the spread of secondary education is quite limited and higher education is available to a small percentage of the population. The country has, therefore, progressed very well in the field of technical education【M1】______ both quantitatively and qualitatively. During recent times, India has lain great stress on modernization and technological【M2】______ advancement in education, and has contributed amazingly to high-skilled manpower in software and information technology. Despite our limited endeavours in other sphere of education,【M3】______ India manages its own affairs on its own in almost all the areas, and does not, in no way, depend on foreign expertise.【M4】______ On the other hand, it provides all kinds of manpower to other【M5】______ countries. In terms of policy, India had continued with the colonial education system of the British rulers till about 1968, when the Government had announced its first National Education Policy, in which was in accordance with the requirements of the country,【M6】______ but there was big gap between the policy and practice due to many【M7】______ natural and man-made bottlenecks. Another National Policy on education was announced in 1986, which, amongst other things, emphasized qualitative improvement, essential in higher and technical education;【M8】______ vocationalisation of secondary education; development of regional languages. This policy revised in 1992, and was in line with the【M9】______ earlier policy, but it far added to the inconsistencies and【M10】______ contradictions between the stated goals and actual policy, on the one hand, and between stated goals and resource allocation, on the other.

【M1】

Recently more and more attention has been focused to S1. ______

the problem of preserving the environment. The fact that a

Government Ministry being called the Department of the S2. ______

Environment has been created shows how unimportant the S3. ______

issue is considered to be.

Over the past thirty years or so the quality of many

people's lives have deteriorated in some respects because of S4. ______

technological progress. Those people living near airports are

constantly attacked by the noise of increasingly larger and

more powerful jet aircraft taken off and landing. The motor S5. ______

car has been responsible for many changes in the

environment. On the one hand it has brought mobility to

millions of people, but on the other it has taken rise to the S6. ______

construction of more noisy roads and has polluted the

atmosphere with exhaust fumes. While towns and cities have

become larger and uglier and more dense populated the S7. ______

rural areas have lost most of their population owing to the

need for less workers in agriculture. The countryside has S8. ______

also been affected by the large scale use of insecticides.

For one thing the killing of insects has resulted from a loss S9. ______

of balance in the ecology. Many people are afraid that fruit

and vegetables sprayed with chemicals may have some

poisonous effect on the people who eat it. S10. ______

【S1】

英译中 II . Translate the following passage into Chinese. Teachers in UK schools are trialling the use of body cameras in class to record bad pupils' behaviour, it has been revealed. At least two schools in England have introduced the equipment for constant recording with the consent of local education authorities. The cameras, worn on teachers' clothing, are set to film all the time but only save encrypted footage when the record button is pressed. The Times reported. Teachers are advised to turn on the cameras during incidents in the classroom to tackle "constant low-level disruption", but must give notice before doing so. Footage could also be shared with parents to involve them in addressing their children's behaviour. Feedback from parents and schools was said to be positive, with teachers praising them as an effective deterrent.

8. Origin of Peace Symbols (1) The concept of peace is a very important one in cultures all over the world. Think about how we greet people. In some languages, the phrases for greetings contain the word for peace. In some cultures we greet people by shaking hands or with another gesture to show that we are not carrying weapons-that we come in peace. And there are certain symbols which people in very different cultures recognize as representing peace. Let's look at a few of them. The dove (2)The dove has been a symbol of peace and innocence for thousands of years in many different cultures. In ancient Greek mythology it was a symbol of love and the renewal of life. In ancient Japan a dove carrying a sword symbolized the end of war. (3)There was a tradition in Europe that if a dove flew around a house where someone was dying then their soul would be at peace. And there are legends which say that the devil can turn himself into any bird except for a dove. In Christian art , the dove was used to symbolize the Holy Ghost and was often painted above Christ's head . (4)But it was Pablo Picasso who made the dove a modern symbol of peace when he used it on a poster for the World Peace Congress in 1949. The rainbow (5)The rainbow is another ancient and universal symbol, often representing the connection between human beings and their gods. In Greek mythology it was associated with Iris, the goddess who brought messages from the gods on Mount Olympus. In Scandinavian mythology the rainbow was a bridge between the gods and the earth. In the Bible a rainbow showed Noah that the Biblical flood was finally over, and that God had forgiven his people. In the Chinese tradition, the rainbow is a common symbol for marriage because the colours represent the union of yin and yang. Nowadays the rainbow is used by many popular movements for peace and the environment, representing the possibility of a better world in the future and promising sunshine after the rain. Mistletoe (6)This plant was sacred in many cultures, generally representing peace and love. Most people know of the tradition of kissing under the mistletoe at Christmas time, which probably comes from Scandinavian mythology. The goddess Freya's son was killed by an arrow made of mistletoe, so, in honour of him, she declared that it would always be a symbol of peace. It was often hung in doorways as a sign of friendship. The olive branch (7)The olive tree has always been a valuable source of food and oil. In Greek mythology, the goddess Athena gave the olive tree to the people of Athens, who showed their gratitude by naming the city after her. But no one knows for sure when or why it began to symbolize peace. There is probably a connection with ancient Greece. Wars between states were suspended during the Olympic Games, and the winners were given crowns of olive branches. The symbolism may come from the fact that the olive tree takes a long time to produce fruit , so olives could only be cultivated successfully in long periods of peace. Whatever the history, the olive branch is a part of many modern flags symbolizing peace and unity. One well-known example is the United Nations symbol. The ankh (8) The ankh is an ancient symbol which was adopted by the hippie movement in the 1960s to represent peace and love. It was found in many Asian cultures, but is generally associated with ancient Egypt. It represented life and immortality. Egyptians were buried with an ankh, so that they could continue to live in the "afterworld". The symbol was also found along the sides of the Nile, which gave life to the people. They believed that the ankh could control the flow of the river and make sure that there was always enough water. 15. The origin of the ankh can date back to ________.

A、The Nile.

B、The "afterworld ".

C、The hippie movement.

D、Ancient Egypt.

It has been thought and said that Africans are born with musical talent.Because music is so important in the lives of many Africans and because so much music is performed in Africa, we are inclined to think that all Africans are musicians.The impression is strengthened when we look at ourselves and find that we have become largely a society of musical spectators (旁观).Music is important to us, but most of us can be considered consumers rather than producers of music.We have records, televisions, concerts, and radios to fulfil many of our musical needs.In most situations where music is performed in our culture it is not difficult to distinguish the audience from the performers, but such is often not the case in Africa.Alban Ayipaga, a Kasena semiprofessional musician from northern Ghana, says that when his flute (长笛) and drum ensemble (歌舞团) is performing, "Anybody can take part".This is true, but Kasena musicians recognize that not all people are equally capable of taking part in the music.Some can sing along with the drummers, but relatively few can drum and even fewer can play the flute along with the ensemble.It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.Performances often take place in an open area (that is, not on a stage) and so the lines between the performing nucleus and the additional performers, active spectators, and passive spectators may be difficult to draw from our point of view.

1、The difference between us and Africans, as far as music is concerned, is that().

A、most of us are consumers while most of them are producers of music

B、we are musical performers and they are semiprofessional musicians

C、most of us are passive spectators while they are active spectators

D、we are the audience and they are the additional performers

2、The author of the passage implies that().

A、all Africans are musical and therefore much music is performed in Africa

B、not all Africans are born with musical talent although music is important in their lives

C、most Africans are capable of joining in the music by playing musical instruments

D、most Africans perform. as well as professional musicians

3、The word "nucleus" probably refers to().

A、musicians famous in Africa

B、musicians at the centre of attention

C、musicians acting as the core in a performance

D、active participants in a musical performance

4、The best title for this passage would be().

A、The Importance of Music to African People

B、Differences Between African Music and Music of Other Countries

C、The Relationship Between Musicians and Their Audience

D、A Characteristic Feature of African Musical Performances

听力原文：The company I work for has a new system of working with overseas partners, and people are encouraged to move abroad for a year or two. It's a chance to learn different ways of working, of course. I would be prepared to do it if I could be sure it was a stepping stone to becoming head of department, instead of just finance administrator as I am now. Though if I could achieve that without relocating, I'd prefer it.

(14)

Among the many novels written by William Faulkner, the title of______is associated with the Bible.

A．The Sound and the Fury

B．Absalom, Absalom\

C．As I Lay Dying

D．Light in August

California has been facing a drought for many years now, with certain areas even having to pump freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution system. The problem is growing as the population of the state continues to expand. New research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their drought crisis. Previous drilling of wells could only reach depths of 1,000 feet, but due to new pumping practices, water deeper than this can now be extracted （抽取）. The team at Stanford investigated the aquifers（地下蓄水层）below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was previously thought. It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1,000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth. The aquifers range from 1,000 to3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will be expensive and there are other concerns. The biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep is the gradual setting down of the land surface. As the water is pumped out, the vacant space left is compacted by the weight of the earth above. Even though pumping from these depths is expensive, it is still cheaper than desalinating（脱盐）the ocean water in the largely coastal state. Some desalination plants exist where feasible, but they are costly to run and can need constant repairs. Wells are much more reliable sources of freshwater, and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortage. One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. This means that some wells may even need to undergo desalination after extraction, thus increasing the cost. Research from the exhaustive study of groundwater from over 950 drilling logs has just been published. New estimates of the water reserves now go up to 2,700 billion cubic meters of freshwater. 1 How could California's drought crisis be solved according to some researchers?

A、By building more reserves of groundwater.

B、By drawing water from the depths of the earth.

C、By developing more advanced drilling devices.

D、By upgrading its water distribution system.

Asystemsadministratorhasahighperformanceserverwithafilesharefullofdatathathasnot beenusedinalongtime，butisstillimportantandmightbeusedinthefuture.Whichofthe followingshouldtheydotoreclaimthespaceoffthehighperformanceserver？（）

A.Auditthedata

B.Deletethedata

C.Backupthedata

D.Archivethedata

The residents of 24 Acacia Grove were dissatisfied with the condition of the property, so John Preston called a meeting to discuss things last week. At the meeting John suggested setting up a residents’ committee. Everyone was so worried and angry about the agent’s inactivity that they agreed, and they elected John as chairman of the committee. Many residents said that they were tired of telephoning the agent and tired of complaining about the flats. Although the agent was responsible for the flats, they thought that he didn’t do enough. Therefore John was asked to write to the agent and say that they were disappointed with the management of the flats.

The next service payment was due at the end of the month. However, they agreed not to pay it until they were happy with the plans to improve the property. They decided to tell the agent that he must start the work within one month. They all went away very pleased with themselves.

1.Why did John Preston call a meeting last week?

A.Because the residents were dissatisfied with the presents’ committee.

B.Because the residents were dissatisfied with the bad management of the flats.

C.Because some residents requested to change the present residents’ committee. E. Because he wanted to become chairman of the committee.

2.Who elected John as chairman of the committee?

A.The agent

B.the residents

C.the committee

D.Acacia Grove

3.What does the word “inactivity”mean in the thrid sentence in Para.1？“inactivity”

A.weakness

B.Progress

C.State

D.Lace of actions

4.What does the word “due” mean in the first sentence in Para.2？

A.to be paid

B. Proper

C. Owed

D. large

5.When did they agree to pay the next service payment?

A.at the end of the month

B.Within one month

C.When they were happy with the plans to improve the property.

D.The agent would tell them.