Which son of Loong is good at roaring, using the sound that can penetrate into the sky as its weapon.

With a tremendous roar from its rocket engine, the satellite is sent up into the sky. Minutes later, at an altitude of 300 miles, this tiny electronic moon begins to orbit about the earth. Its radio begins to transmit a staggering amount of information about the satellite's orbital path, the amount of radiation it detects, and the presence of meteorites. Information of all kinds races back to the earth. No human being could possibly copy down all these facts, much less remember and organize them. But an electronic computer can.

The marvel of the machine age, the electronic computer has been in use only since 1946. It can do simple computations—add, subtract, multiply, and divide—with lightning speed and perfect accuracy. It can multiply two 10-digit numbers in 1/1, 000 second, a problem that would take an average person five minutes to do with pencil and paper. Some computers can work 500, 000 times faster than any person can.

Once it is given a program, that is, a carefully worked-out set of instructions devised by a technician trained in computer language, a computer can gather a wide range of information for many purposes. For the scientist it can get information from outer space or from the depths of the ocean. In business and industry the computer prepares factory inventories, keeps track of sales trends and production needs, mails dividend checks, and makes out company payrolls. It can keep bank accounts up to date and make out electric bills. If you are planning a trip by plane, the computer will find out what route to take and what space is available.

Why does the author regard the electronic computer as the marvel of the machine age?

A．Because electronic computers are rare.

B．Because people know little about electronic computers.

C．Because electronic computers can do much more kinds of work that human beings can't.

D．Because electronic computers have been widely suspected.

The average number of authors on scientific papers is sky-rocketing. That's partly because labs are bigger, problems are more complicated, and more different subspecialties are needed. But it's also because U.S. government agencies have started to promote "team science". As physics developed in the post-World War II era, federal funds built expensive national facilities, and these served as surfaces on which collaborations could crystallize naturally.

Yet multiple authorship—however good it may be in other ways--presents problems for journals and for the institutions in which these authors work. For the journals, long lists of authors are hard to deal with in themselves. But those long lists give rise to more serious questions when something goes wrong with the paper. If there is research misconduct, how should the liability be allocated among the authors? If there is an honest mistake in one part of the work but not in others, how should an evaluator aim his or her review?

Various practical or impractical suggestions have emerged during the long-standing debate on this issue. One is that each author should provide, and the journal should then publish, an account of that author's particular contribution to the work. But a different view of the problem, and perhaps of the solution, comes as we get to university committee on appointments and promotions, which is where the authorship rubber really meets the road. Half a lifetime of involvement with this process has taught me how much authorship matters. I have watched committees attempting to decode sequences of names, agonize over whether a much-cited paper was really the candidate's work or a coauthor's, and send back recommendations asking for more specificity about the division of responsibility.

Problems of this kind change the argument, supporting the case for asking authors to define their own roles. After all, if quality judgments about individuals are to be made on the basis of their personal contributions, then the judges better know what they did. But if questions arise about the validity of the work as a whole, whether as challenges to its conduct or as evaluations of its influence in the field, a team is a team, and the members should share the credit or the blame.

According to the passage, there is a tendency that scientific papers ______

A．are getting more complicated

B．are dealing with bigger problems

C．are more of a product of team work

D．are focusing more on natural than on social sciences

Blind people can "see" things by using other parts of their bodies. This fact may help us to understand our feelings about color. If blind people can sense color differences, then perhaps we, too, are affected by color unconsciously (无意识地).

(79) Manufacturers (生产商) have discovered by experience that sugar sells badly in green wrappings, that blue foods are considered unpleasant, and that cosmetics (化妆品) should never be packaged in brown. These discoveries have grown into a branch of color psychology.

Color psychology now finds application in everything from fashion to decoration. Some of our preferences are clearly psychological. Dark blue is the color of the night sky and therefore associated with calm, while yellow is a day color with associations of energy and incentive (刺激). For a primitive man, activity during the day meant hunting and attacking, while he soon saw red as the color of blood and anger and the heat that came with effort. And green is associated with passive defense and self-protection.

(80) Experiments have shown that colors, partly because of their psychological associations, also have a direct psychological effect. People exposed to bright red show an increase in breath, in heartbeat and in blood pressure; red is exciting. Similar exposure to pure blue has exactly the opposite effect; it is a calming color. Because of its exciting meaning, red is chosen as the signal for danger, but closer analysis shows that a vivid yellow can produce a more basic state of alarm. So fire engines and ambulances in some advanced communities are now rushing around in bright yellow colors that stop the traffic dead.

Our preferences for certain colors are ______ according to the passage.

A．associated with the time of the day

B．dependent on our personalities

C．are linked with our ancestors

D．partly due to psychological factors

The fact that blind people can "see" things using other parts of their bodies apart from their eyes may help us to understand our feelings about color. If they can sense color differences then perhaps we, too, are affected by color unconsciously.

Manufacturers have discovered by trial and error that sugar sells badly in green wrappings, that blue foods are considered unpleasant and the cosmetics should never be packaged brown. These discoveries have grown into a whole discipline of color psychology that now finds application in everything from fashion to interior decoration. Some of our preferences are clearly psychological. Dark blue is the color of the night sky and therefore associated with passivity and calm, while yellow is a day color with associations of energy and incentive (刺激). For primitive man, activity during the day meant hunting and attacking, while he soon saw as red, the color of blood and rage and the heat that came with effort. And green is associated with passive defense and self preservation. Experiments have shown that colors, partly because of their physiological association —also have a direct psychological effect. People exposed to bright red show an increase in heartbeat, and blood pressure; red is exciting. Similar exposure to pure blue has exactly the opposite effect; it is a calming color. Because of its exciting connotations (内涵), red was chosen as the signal for danger, but closer analysis shows that a vivid yellow can produce a more basic state of alertness and alarm, so fire engines and ambulances in some advanced communities are now rushing around in bright yellow color that stop the traffic dead.

Manufacturers found out that color affects sales ______.

A．by experience over a long period of time

B．by experimenting with different colors

C．by trying out color on blind people

D．by developing the discipline of color psychology

The fact that people can "see" things using other parts of their bodies apart from their eyes may help us to understand our feelings about color. If they can sense color differences then perhaps we, too, are affected by color unconsciously.

Manufacturers have discovered by trail and error that sugar sells badly in green wrappings, that blue foods are considered unpleasant, and that cosmetics (化妆品) should never be packaged in brown. These discoveries have grown into a whole discipline of color psychology that now finds application in everything from fashion to interior decoration. Some of our preferences are clearly psychological. Dark blue is the colour of the night sky therefore associated with passivity and calm, while yellow is a day color with associations and incentive (刺激). For primitive man, activity during the day meant hunting and attacking, while he soon saw a red, the color of blood and rage and the heat that came with effort. And green is associated with passive defense and self-preservation. Experiments have shown that colors, partly because of their physiological associations, also have a direct psychological effect. People exposed to bright red show an increase in heart beat, and blood pressure; red is exciting. Similar exposure to pure blue has exactly the opposite effect; it is a calming color. Because of its exciting connotations (涵义) , red was chosen as the signal [or danger, but closer analysis shows that 'a vivid yellow can produce a more basic state of alertness and alarm, so fire engines and ambulances in some advanced communities are now rushing around in bright yellow colors that stop the traffic dead.

Manufacturers found out that color affects sales ______.

A．by experience over a long period of time

B．by experimenting with different colors

C．by trying out color on blind people

D．by developing the discipline of color psychology

The fact that blind people can "see" things using other parts of their bodies 【C1】______ their eyes may help us to understand our feeling about color. If they can 【C2】______ color differences then perhaps we, too, are affected by color unconsciously.

By trial and 【C3】______ , manufacturers have discovered that sugar 【C4】______ badly in green wrappings, that blue foods, are considered 【C5】______ and that cosmetics should never be packaged 【C6】______ brown. These discoveries have grown into a whole 【C7】______ of color psychology that now 【C8】______ application in everything from fashion to interior decoration. Some of our 【C9】______ are clearly psychological. 【C10】______ blue is the color of the night sky and therefore 【C11】______ passivity and calmness, while yellow is a day color with associations of energy and incentive. For primitive man, activity during the day meant hunting and attacking, while he saw red as the color of blood and rage and the heat that came with 【C12】______ . And green is relevant to passive defense and self-preservation. 【C13】______ have shown that colors, partly because of their psychological associations, also have a direct psychological effect. People 【C14】______ to bright red show a(n) 【C15】______ in heartbeat, and blood pressure; red is exciting. Similar access to pure blue has exactly the opposite effect; it is a 【C16】______ color. Because of its exciting of connotations, red was chosen as the 【C17】______ for danger, but closer 【C18】______ shows that a vivid yellow can produce a more basic state of alertness and alarm, so fire engines and ambulances in some advanced communities are now 【C19】______ around in bright yellow colors that 【C20】______ the traffic dead.

【C1】

A．besides

B．other than

C．without

D．rather than

The fact that blind people can "see" things using other parts of their bodies 【C1】______ their eyes may help us to understand our feeling about color. If they can 【C2】______ color differences then perhaps we, too, are affected by color unconsciously.

By trial and 【C3】______ , manufacturers have discovered that sugar 【C4】______ badly in green wrappings, that blue foods, are considered 【C5】______ and that cosmetics should never be packaged 【C6】______ brown. These discoveries have grown into a whole 【C7】______ of color psychology that now 【C8】______ application in every thing from fashion to interior decoration. Some of our 【C9】______ are clearly psychological. 【C10】______ blue is the color of the night sky and therefore 【C11】______ passivity and calmness, while yellow is a day color with associations of energy and incentive. For primitive man, activity during the day meant hunting and attacking, while he saw red as the color of blood and rage and the heat that came with 【C12】______ . And green is relevant to passive defense and self-preservation. 【C13】______ have shown that colors, partly because of their psychological associations, also have a direct psychological effect. People 【C14】______ to bright red show a(n) 【C15】______ in heartbeat, and blood pressure; red is exciting. Similar access to pure blue has exactly the opposite effect; it is a 【C16】______ color. Because of its exciting of connotations, red was chosen as the 【C17】______ for danger, but closer 【C18】______ Shows that a vivid yellow can produce a more basic state of 'alertness and alarm, so fire engines and ambulances in some advanced communities are now 【C19】______ around in bright yellow colors that 【C20】______ the traffic dead.

【C1】

A．besides

B．other than

C．without

D．rather than