Part I Conversations （10%) 10*1’=10’ Conversation One Questions 1 to 5 are based on Conversation One. Q1

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

As a person who writes about food and drink for a living, I couldn’t tell you the first thing about Bill Perry or whether the beers he sells are that great. But I can tell you that I like this guy. That’s because he plans to ban tipping in favor of paying his servers an actual living wage.

I hate tipping.

I hate it because it’s an obligation disguised as an option. I hate it for the post-dinner math it requires of me. But mostly, I hate tipping because I believe I would be in a better place if pay decisions regarding employees were simply left up to their employers, as is the custom in virtually every other industry.

Most of you probably think that you hate tipping, too. Research suggests otherwise. You actually love tipping! You like to feel that you have a voice in how much money your server makes. No matter how the math works out, you persistently view restaurants with voluntary tipping systems as being a better value, which makes it extremely difficult for restaurants and bars to do away with the tipping system.

One argument that you tend to hear a lot from the pro-tipping crowd seems logical enough: the service is better when waiters depend on tips, presumably because they see a benefit to successfully veiling their contempt for you. Well, if this were true, we would all be slipping a few 100-dollar bills to our doctors on the way out their doors, too. But as it turns out, waiters see only a tiny bump in tips when they do an exceptional job compared to a passable one. Waiters, keen observers of humanity that they are, are catching on to this; in one poll, a full 30% said they didn’t believe the job they did had any impact on the tips they received.

So come on, folks: get on board with ditching the outdated tip system. Pay a little more up-front for your beer or burger. Support Bill Perry’s pub, and any other bar or restaurant that doesn’t ask you to do drunken math.

46.What can we learn about Bill Perry from the passage?

A.He runs a pub that serves excellent beer.

B.He intends to get rid of the tipping practice.

C.He gives his staff a considerable sum for tips.

D.He lives comfortably without getting any tips.

47.What is the main reason why the author hates tipping?A.It sets a bad example for other industries.

B.It adds to the burden of ordinary customers.

C.It forces the customer to compensate the waiter.

D.It poses a great challenge for customers to do math.

48.Why do many people love tipping according to the author?A.They help improve the quality of the restaurants they dine in.

B.They believe waiters deserve such rewards for good service.

C.They want to preserve a wonderful tradition of the industry.

D.They can have some say in how much their servers earn.

49.What have some waiters come to realize according to a survey?A.Service quality has little effect on tip size.

B.It is in human nature to try to save on tips.

C.Tips make it more difficult to please customers.

D.Tips benefit the boss rather than the employees.

50.What does the author argue for in the passage?A.Restaurants should calculate the tips for customers.

B.Customers should pay more tips to help improve service.

C.Waiters deserve better than just relying on tips for a living.

D.Waiters should be paid by employers instead of customers.

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Passage One

Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.

Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths and about $125 billion in

economic losses each year, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum,

an organization led by Kofi Annan, the former United Nations secretary general.

The report, to be released Friday, analyzed data and existing studies of health,

disaster, population and economic trends. It found that human-influenced climate

change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition (营养

不良) and heat-related health problems.

But even before its release, the report drew criticism from some experts on

climate and risk, who questioned its methods and conclusions.

Along with the deaths, the report said that the lives of 325 million people,

primarily in poor countries, were being seriously affected by climate change. It

projected that the number would double by 2030.

Roger Pielke Jr., a political scientist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who

studies disaster trends, said the Forum’s report was “a methodological

embarrassment” because there was no way to distinguish deaths or economic losses

related to human-driven global warming amid the much larger losses resulting from

the growth in populations and economic development in vulnerable (易受伤害的)

regions. Dr. Pielke said that “climate change is an important problem requiring our

utmost attention.” But the report, he said, “will harm the cause for action on both

climate change and disasters because it is so deeply flawed (有瑕疵的).”

However, Soren Andreasen, a social scientist at Dalberg Global Development

Partners who supervised the writing of the report, defended it, saying that it was clear

that the numbers were rough estimates. He said the report was aimed at world leaders,who

will meet in Copenhagen in December to negotiate a new international climate treaty.

In a press release describing the report, Mr. Annan stressed the need for the

negotiations to focus on increasing the flow of money from rich to poor regions to

help reduce their vulnerability to climate hazards while still curbing the emissions of

the heat-trapping gases. More than 90% of the human and economic losses from

climate change are occurring in poor countries, according to the report.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2上作答。

56.What is the finding of the Global Humanitarian Forum?

A.Rates of death from illnesses have risen due to global warming.

B.Global temperatures affect the rate of economic development.

C.Malnutrition has caused serious health problems in poor countries.

D.Economic trends have to do with population and natural disasters.

Passage One

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.

Your passport is your official identification as an American citizen. In America，most people never consider obtaining a passport unless they are planning a trip out of the country. In Europe, where travel from one country to another is much more common，almost everyone carries a passport. A passport is final proof of identity in almost every country in the world.

In 1979 almost 15 million Americans held passports. Most of these passports were obtained to travel outside the country because，except for a few Western nations。passports are required to enter every country. And if you travel abroad，you must have a valid passport to reenter the country.

When traveling abroad，you will need a passport for identification when exchanging dollars for francs or marks or other foreign currency. You may also need your passport to use a credit card，buy an airplane ticket or check into a hotel. As a passport is an official U. S. document. it is valuable as identification in any emergency cases，such as floods，fires，or war.

Don't confuse passports and visas. Whereas a passport is issued by a country to its citizens. a visa is official permission to visit a country granted by the government of that country. For some years，many countries were dropping their visa requirements，but that trend has reversed. Argentina，Brazil，and Venezuela now require visas from U. S. citizens. They may be obtained from the embassy of the country you wish to visit.

Passport applications are available at passport agency offices in large cities like Boston，New York，or Chicago. In smaller cities，applications are available at post offices and at federal courts. To get your first passport，you must submit the application in person. along with a birth certificate and two pictures.

The main purpose of this passage is to______.

A. discuss traveling in other countries

B. distinguish between passports and visas

C. discuss the financial uses of a passport

D. provide information about passports

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

Recently I attended several meetings where we talked about ways to retain students and keep younger faculty members from going elsewhere.

It seems higher education has become an industry of meeting-holders whose task it is to “solve” problems— real or imagined. And in my position as a professor at three different colleges, the actual problems in educating our young people and older students have deepened, while the number of people hired—not to teach but to hold meetings—has increased significantly. Every new problem creates a new job for an administrative fixer. Take our Center for Teaching Excellence. Contrary to its title, the center is a clearing house(信息交流中心)for using technology in classrooms and in online courses. It’s an administrative sham(欺诈)of the kind that has multiplied over the last 30 years.

I offer a simple proposition in response: Many of our problems—class attendance, educational success, student happiness and well-being—might be improved by cutting down the bureaucratic(官僚的)mechanisms and meetings and instead hiring an army of good teachers. If we replaced half of our administrative staff with classroom teachers, we might actually get a majority of our classes back to 20 or fewer students per teacher. This would be an environment in which teachers and students actually knew each other.

The teachers must be free to teach in their own way—the curriculum should be flexible enough so that they can use their individual talents to achieve the goals of the course. Additionally, they should be allowed to teach, and be rewarded for doing it well. Teachers are not people who are great at and consumed by research and happen to appear in a classroom. Good teaching and research are not exclusive, but they are also not automatic companions. Teaching is an art and a craft, talent and practice; it is not something that just anyone can be good at. It is utterly confusing to me that people do not recognize this, despite the fact that pretty much anyone who has been a student can tell the difference between their best and worst teachers.

46.What does the author say about present-day universities?

A.They are effectively tackling real or imagined problems.

B.They often fail to combine teaching with research.

C.They are over-burdened with administrative staff.

D.They lack talent to fix their deepening problems.

47.According to the author, what kind of people do universities lack most?A.Good classroom teachers.

B.Efficient administrators.

C.Talented researchers.

D.Motivated students.

48.What does the author imply about the classes at present?A.They facilitate students’ independent learning.

B.They help students form closer relationships.

C.They have more older students than before.

D.They are much bigger than is desirable.

50.What is the author’s suggestion for improving university teaching?A.Creating an environment for teachers to share their teaching experiences.

B.Hiring more classroom teachers and allowing them to teach in their own way.

C.Using high technology in classrooms and promoting exchange of information.

D.Cutting down meetings and encouraging administrative staff to go to classrooms. @@

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Passage One

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.

The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects. Consumers may be convinced to buy a product of poor quality or high price because of an advertisement. For example, some advertisement have appealed to people's desire for better fuel economy for their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage. Some of the products work. Others are worthless and a waste of consumers' money.

Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading. A few years ago, a brand of bread was offered to dieters(节食者)with the message that there were fewer calories(热量单位, 卡)in every slice. It turned out that the bread was not dietetic(适合于节食的), but just regular bread. There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin. but there were the same number of calories in every loaf.

On the positive side, emotional appeals may respond to a consumer's real concerns. Consider fire insurance. Fire insurance may be sold by appealing to fear of loss. But fear of loss is the real reason for fire insurance. The security of knowing that property is protected by insurance makes the purchase of fire insurance a worthwhile investment for most people. If consumers consider the quality of the insurance plans as well as the message in the ads, they will benefit from the advertising.

Each consumer must evaluate her or his own situation. Are the benefits of the product important enough to justify buying it? Advertising is intended to appeal to consumers, but it does not force them to buy the product. Consumer still controls the final buying decision.

Advertising can persuade the consumer to buy worthless product by______.

A. stressing their high quality

B. convincing him of their low price

C. maintaining a balance between quality and price

D. appealing to his buying motives

Passage One

Questions 17 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.

听力原文：

Passage One I first met Joe Gans when we were both nine years old, which is probably the

only reason he’s one of my best friends. If I had first met Joe as a freshman in high

school, we wouldn’t even have had the chance to get to know each other. Joe is a day

student, but I am a boarding student. We haven’t been in the same classes, sports, or

extracurricular activities.

Nonetheless, I spend nearly every weekend at his house and we talk on the phone every

night. This is not to say that we would not have been compatible if we had first met in our

freshman year. Rather, we would not have been likely to spend enough time getting to know

each other due to the lack of immediately visible mutual interests. In fact, to be honest,

I struggle even now to think of things we have in common. But maybe that’s what makes us

enjoy each other’s company so much. When I look at my friendship with Joe, I wonder how

many people I’ve known whom I never disliked, but simply didn’t take the time to get to

know. Thanks to Joe, I have realized how little basis there is for the social divisions

that exist in every community. Since this realization, I have begun to make an even more

determined effort to find friends in unexpected people and places.

Questions 17to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.

17. Why does the speaker say Joe Gans became one of his best friends?

A.They shared mutual friends in school.

B.They had many interests in common.

C.They shared many extracurricular activities.

D.They had known each other since childhood.

Section B

Passage One

Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.

For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龟) have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings (幼龟) down to the water’s edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot instead. A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines. With all that attention paid to them, you’d think these creatures would at least have the gratitude not to go extinct.

But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic turtles, notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much as 400 pounds. The South Florida nesting population, the largest, has declined by 50% in the last decade, according to Elizabeth Griffin, a marine biologist with the environmental group Oceana. The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from “threatened” to “endangered”—meaning they are in danger of disappearing without additional help.

Which raises the obvious question: what else do these turtles want from us, anyway? It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of protecting the turtles for the weeks they spend on land (as egg-laying females, as eggs and as hatchlings), we have neglected the years spend in the ocean. “The threat is from commercial fishing,” says Griffin. Trawlers (which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean floor) and longline fishers (which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles) take a heavy toll on turtles.

Of course, like every other environmental issue today, this is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural ecosystems. The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as the oceans warm. Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs (恐龙) will meet its end at the hands of humans, leaving our descendants to wonder how creature so ugly could have won so much affection.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

52. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.

A．human activities have changed the way turtles survive

B．efforts have been made to protect turtles from dying out

C．government bureaucracy has contributed to turtles’ extinction

D．marine biologists are looking for the secret of turtles’ reproduction

Section B Directions : In this section, you will hear 2 long conversations At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Conversation One Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 8. Where does the woman live right now?

A．IndonesiA

B．HollanD

C．Sweden．

D．Englan

D．

6. 1 快速阅读课后习题 Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A], B], C] and D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. (4*5*1=20 points) Passage One Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. Attitudes toward new technologies often fall along generational lines. That is, generally, younger people tend to outnumber older people on the front end of a technological shift. It is not always the case, though. When you look at attitudes toward driverless cars, there doesn't seem to be a clear generational divide. The public overall is split on whether they'd like to use a driverless car. In a study last year, of all people surveyed, 48 percent said they wanted to ride in one, while 50 percent did not. The fact that attitudes toward self-driving cars appear to be so steady across generations suggests how transformative the shift to driverless cars could be. Not everyone wants a driverless car now- and no one can get one yet-but among those who are open to them, every age group is similarly engaged. Actually, this isn't surprising. Whereas older generations are sometimes reluctant to adopt new technologies, driverless cars promise real value to these age groups in particular. Older adults, especially those with limited mobility or difficulty driving on their own, are one of the classic use-cases for driverless cars. This is especially interesting when you consider that younger people are generally more interested in travel-related technologies than older ones. When it comes to driverless cars, differences in attitude are more pronounced based on factors not related to age. College graduates, for example, are particularly interested in driverless cars compared with those who have less education: 59 percent of college graduates said they would like to use a driverless car compared with 38 percent of those with a high-school diploma or less. Where a person lives matters, too. More people who lived in cities and suburbs said they wanted to try driverless cars than those who lived in rural areas. While there's reason to believe that interest in self-driving cars is going up across the board, a person's age will have little to do with how self-driving cars can become mainstream. Once driverless cars are actually available for sale, the early adopters will be the people who can afford to buy them. 1. What happens when a new technology emerges? It further widens the gap between the old and the young. It often leads to innovations in other related fields. It contributes greatly to the advance of society as a whole. It usually draws different reactions from different age groups. 2. What does the author say about the driverless car? It does not seem to create a generational divide. It will not necessarily reduce road accidents. It may start a revolution in the car industry. It has given rise to unrealistic expectations. 3. Why does the driverless car appeal to some old people? It saves their energy. C) It adds t.o the safety of their travel. It helps with their mobility. D) It stirs up their interest in life . 4. What is likely to affect one's attitude toward the driverless car? The location of their residence. C) The amount of training they received. The field of their special interest. D) The length of their driving experience. 5. Who are likely to be the first to buy the driverless car? The seniors. C) The wealthy. The educated. D) The tech fans. Passage Two Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. In agrarian (农业的), pre-industrial Europe, "you'd want to wake up early, start working with the sunrise, have a break to have the largest meal, and then you'd go back to work," says Ken Albala, a professor of history at the University of the Pacific. "Later, at 5 or 6, you'd have a smaller supper." This comfortable cycle, in which the rhythms of the day helped shape the rhythms of the meals, gave rise to the custom of the large midday meal, eaten with the extended family. "Meals are the foundation of the family," says Carole Counihan, a professor at Millersville University in Pennsylvania, "so there was a very important interconnection between eating together" and strengthening family ties. Since industrialization, maintaining such a slow cultural metabolism has been much harder, with the long midday meal shrinking to whatever could be stuffed into a lunch bucket or bought at a food stand. Certainly, there were benefits. Modern techniques for producing and shipping food led to greater variety and quantity, including a tremendous increase in the amount of animal protein and dairy products available, making us more vigorous than our ancestors. Yet plenty has been lost too, even in cultures that still live to eat. Take Italy. It's no secret that the Mediterranean diet is healthy, but it was also a joy to prepare and eat. Italians, says Counihan, traditionally began the day with a small meal. The big meal came at around 1 p.m. In between the midday meal and a late, smaller dinner came a small snack. Today, when time zones have less and less meaning, there is little tolerance for offices' closing for lunch, and worsening traffic in cities means workers can't make it home and back fast enough anyway. So the formerly small supper after sundown becomes the big meal of the day, the only one at which the family has a chance to get together. "The evening meal carries the full burden that used to be spread over two meals," says Counihan. 6. What do we learn from the passage about people in pre-industrial Europe? They had to work from early morning till late at night. They were so busy working that they only ate simple meals. Their daily routine followed the rhythm of the natural cycle. Their life was much more comfortable than that of today. 7. What does Professor Carole Counihan say about pre-industrial European families eating meals together? It was helpful to maintaining a nation's tradition. It brought family members closer to each other. It was characteristic of the agrarian culture. It enabled families to save a lot of money. 8. What does "cultural metabolism" (Line 1, Para.3) refer to? Evolutionary adaptation. C) Social progress. Changes in lifestyle. D) Pace of life. 9. What does the author think of the food people eat today? Its quality is usually guaranteed. It is varied, abundant and nutritious. It is more costly than what our ancestors ate. Its production depends too much on technology. 10. What does the author say about Italians of the old days? They eajoyed cooking as well as eating. C) They ate three meals regularly every day. They ate a big dinner late in the evening. D) They were expert at cooking meals. Passage Three Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. As Artificial Intelligence (Al) becomes increasingly sophisticated, there are growing concerns that robots could become a threat. This danger can be avoided, according to computer science professor Stuart Russell, if we figure out how to turn human values into a programmable code. Russell argues that as robots take on more complicated tasks, it's necessary to translate our morals into Al language. For example, if a robot does chores around the house, you wouldn't want it to put the pet cat in the oven to make dinner for the hungry children. "You would want that robot preloaded with a good set of values," said Russell. Some robots are already programmed with basic human values. For example, mobile robots have been programmed to keep a comfortable distance from humans. Obviously there are cultural differences, but if you were talking to another person and they came up close in your personal space, you wouldn't think that's the kind of thing a: properly brought-up person would do. It will be possible to create more sophisticated moral machines, if only we can find a way to set out human vales as clear rules. Robots could also learn values from drawing patterns from large sets of data on human behavior. They are dangerous only if programmers are careless. The biggest concern with robots going against human values is that human beings fail to do sufficient testing and they've produced a system that will break some kind of taboo (禁忌). One simple check would be to program a robot to check the correct course of action with a human when presented with an unusual situation. If the robot is unsure whether an animal is suitable for the microwave, it has the opportunity to stop, send out beeps (嘟嘟声), and ask for directions from a human. If we humans aren't quite sure about a decision, we go and ask somebody else. The most difficult step ,in programming values will be deciding exactly what we believe is moral, and how to create a set of ethical rules. But if we come up with an answer, robots could be good for humanity. 11. What does the author say about the threat of robots? It may constitute a challenge to computer programmers. It accompanies all machinery involving high technology. It can be avoided if human values are translated into their language. It has become an inevitable peril as technology gets more sophisticated. 12. What would we think of a person who invades our personal space according to the author? A) They are aggressive. C) They are ignorant. B) They are outgoing. D) They are ill-bred. 13. How do robots learn human values? By interacting with humans in everyday life situations. By following the daily routines of civilized human beings. By picking up patterns from massive data on human behavior. By imitating the behavior of properly brought-up human beings. 14. What will a well-programmed robot do when facing an unusual situation? Keep a distance from possible dangers. C) Trigger its built-in alarm system at once. Stop to seek advice from a human being. D) Do sufficient testing before taking action. 15. What is most difficult to do when we turn human values into a programmable code? Determine what is moral and ethical. C) Set rules for man-machine interaction. Design some large-scale experiments. D) Develop a more sophisticated program. Passage Four Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. Why do some people live to be older than others? You know the standard explanations: keeping a moderate diet, engaging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have on your longevity (长寿)? Do some kinds of personalities lead to longer lives? A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question by examining the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be at least 100. The study shows that those living the longest are more outgoing, more active and less neurotic (神经质的) than other people. Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with a normal life span. These findings are in agreement with what you would expect from the evolutionary theory: those who like to make friends and help others can gather enough resources to make it through tough times. Interestingly, however, other characteristics that you might consider advantageous had no impact on whether study participants were likely to live longer. Those who were more self-disciplined, for instance, were no more likely to live to be very old. Also, being open to new ideas had no relationship to long life, which might explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their ways. Whether you can successfully change your personality as an adult is the subject of a longstanding psychological debate. But the new paper suggests that if you want long life, you should strive to be as outgoing as possible. Unfortunately, another recent study shows that your mother's personality may also help determine your longevity. That study looked at nearly 28,000 Norwegian mothers and found that those moms who were more anxious, depressed and angry were more likely to feed their kids unhealthy diets. Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when we're adults, which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger. Personality isn't destiny (命运), and everyone knows that individuals can learn to change. But both studies show that long life isn't just a matter of your physical health but of your mental health. 16. The aim of the study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society is __ . to see whether people's personality affects their life span to find out if one's lifestyle has any effect on their health to investigate the role of exercise in living a long life to examine all the factors contributing to longevity 17. What does the author imply about outgoing and sympathetic people? They have a good understanding of evolution. C) They generally appear more resourceful. B) They are better at negotiating an agreement. D) They are more likely to get over hardship. 18. What finding of the study might prove somewhat out of our expectation? Easy-going people can also live a relatively long life. Personality characteristics that prove advantageous actually vary with times. Such personality characteristics as self-discipline have no effect on longevity. Readiness to accept new ideas helps one eajoy longevity. 19. What does the recent study of Norwegian mothers show? Children's personality characteristics are invariably determined by their mothers. People with unhealthy eating habits are likely to die sooner. Mothers' influence on children may last longer than fathers'. Mothers' negative personality characteristics may affect their children's life spans. 20. What can we learn from the findings of the two new studies? Anxiety and depression more often than not cut short one's life span. Longevity results from a combination of mental and physical health. Personality plays a decisive role in how healthy one is. Health is in large part related to one's lifestyle.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

As a person who writes about food and drink for a living. I couldn’t tell you the first thing about Bill Perry or whether the beers he sells are that great. But I can tell you that I like this guy. That’s because he plans to ban tipping in favor of paying his servers an actual living wage.

I hate tipping.

I hate it because it’s an obligation disguised as an option. I hate it for the post-dinner math it requires of me. But mostly, I hate tipping because I believe I would be in a better place if pay decisions regarding employees were simply left up to their employers, as is the custom in virtually every other industry.

Most of you probably think that you hate tipping, too. Research suggests otherwise. You actually love tipping! You like to feel that you have a voice in how much money your server makes. No matter how the math works out, you persistently view restaurants with voluntary tipping systems as being a better value, which makes it extremely difficult for restaurants and bars to do away with the tipping system.

One argument that you tend to hear a lot from the pro-tipping crowd seems logical enough: the service is better when waiters depend on tips, presumably because they see a benefit to successfully veiling their contempt for you. Well, if this were true, we would all be slipping a few 100-dollar bills to our doctors on the way out their doors, too. But as it turns out, waiters see only a tiny bump in tips when they do an exceptional job compared to a passable one. Waiters, keen observers of humanity that they are, are catching on to this; in one poll, a full 30% said they didn’t believe the job they did had any impact on the tips they received.

So come on, folks: get on board with ditching the outdated tip system. Pay a little more upfront for your beer or burger. Support Bill Perry’s pub, and any other bar or restaurant that doesn’t ask you to do drunken math.

What can we learn about Bill Perry from the passage?

A.He runs a pub that serves excellent beer.

B.He intends to get rid of the tipping practice.

C.He gives his staff a considerable sum for tips.

D.He lives comfortably without getting any tips.