Tianjin is the first city in China to develop metro systems.

Excerpt 1 The process of vaccination allows the patients body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally.To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his bodys immune system can learn to fight the invader properly.Information on how to penetrate the diseases defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patients immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. Excerpt 2 Scientists are hoping to eliminate malaria (疟疾) by developing a genetically modified mosquito that cannot transmit the disease.Malaria has long troubled the populations of South America, Africa, and Asia, where mosquito bites infect to 500 million people a year with this serous and sometimes fatal parasitic blood disease. For generations, scientists have been trying to eliminate malaria by developing new drugs and using pesticide (杀虫剂) to wipe out local mosquito populations.But these measures arent working...and some scientists, like Greg Lanzaro, say that because of drug resistance and population changes, malaria is actually more prevalent now than it was 20 years ago. Excerpt 3 Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells—brain cells in Alzheimers, cardiaccells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few if doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue. Excerpt 4 The prospective rewards of gene therapy are tremendous:the suppression and even prevention of inherited disease.At present, gene therapy is being directed at somatic cells, the working cells in a human body that do not pass on genes to the next generation.Therapy someday will be directed at germ cells sperm and egg cells and their precursors that do transmit genetic information to the next generation.Such therapy would remove, replace, or alter the genes that cause inherited diseases.However, mistakes in germ-line gene therapy could cause extreme deficiencies and horrendous mutations.This is an area of medical research in which work must progress with great care.No errors can be tolerated. Excerpt 5 From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age.We are immunised from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases.A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery.It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. Excerpt 6 Cardiologists have pioneered the worlds first non-surgical bypass operation to turn a vein into an artery using a new technique to divert blood flow in a man with severe heart disease; the keyhole procedure, which avoids the extensive invasive surgery of a conventional bypass,will offer hope to tens of thousands of people at risk from heart attacks. Coronary heart disease, where the arteries are progressively silted up with fatty deposits, is responsible in a major industrial country like Britain for more than 160,000 deaths each year.Although major heart surgery is becoming commonplace, with more than 28,000 bypass operations in the UK annually, it is traumatic for patients and involves a long recovery period.

The phrase "ward it off naturally" (Excerpt 1) most probably means______.

A．dispose of it naturally

B．fight it off with ease

C．see to it reluctantly

D．split it up properly

This month, the United Nations Development Program made water and sanitation the centerpiece of its flagship publication, the Human Development Report.

Claims of a "water apartheid," where poor people pay more for water than the rich, are bound to attract attention. But what are the economics behind the problem, and how can it be fixed? In countries that have trouble delivering clean water to their people, a lack of infrastructure is often the culprit. People in areas that are not served by public utilities have to rely on costlier ways of getting water, such as itinerant water trucks and treks to wells. Paradoxically, as the water sources get costlier, the water itself tends to be more dangerous. Water piped by utilities - to the rich and the poor alike - is usually cleaner than water trucked in or collected from an outdoor tank.

The problem exists not only in rural areas but even in big cities, said Hakan Bjorkman, program director of the UN agency in Thailand. Further, subsidies made tolocal water systems often end up benefiting people other than the poor, he added.

The agency proposes a three-step solution. First, make access to 20 liters, or 5 gallons, of clean water a day a human right. Next, make local governments accountable for delivering this service. Last, invest in infrastructure to link people to water mains.The report says governments, especially in developing countries, should spend at least 1 percent of gross domestic product on water and sanitation. It also recommends that foreign aid be more directed toward these problems. Clearly, this approach relies heavily on government intervention, something Bjorkman readily acknowledged. But there are some market-based approaches as well.

By offering cut-rate connections to poor people to the water mainline, the private water utility in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, has steadily increased access to clean water, according to the agency&39;s report. A subsidy may not even be necessary, despite the agency&39;s proposals, if a country can harness the economic benefits of providing clean water.

People who receive clean water are much less likely to die from water-borne diseases - a common malady in the developing world - and much more likely to enjoy long, productive, taxpaying lives that can benefit their host countries. So if a government is trying to raise financing to invest in new infrastructure, it might find receptive ears in private credit markets - as long as it can harness the return. Similarly, private companies may calculate that it is worth bringing clean water to an area if its residents are willing to pay back the investment over many years.

In the meantime, some local solutions are being found. In Thailand, Bjorkman said, some small communities are taking challenges like water access upon themselves. "People organize themselves in groups to leverage what little resources they have to help their communities," he said. "That&39;s especially true out in the rural areas. They invest their money in revolving funds and saving schemes, and they invest themselves to improve their villages. "It is not always easy to take these solutions and replicate them in other countries, though. Assembling a broad menu of different approaches can be the first step in finding the right solution for a given region or country.

SqueakyBeansInc.hiredanoutsideconsultanttodeveloptheirwebapplication.Tofinishthejobquickly，theconsultantcreatedseveraldozenJSPpagesthatdirectlycommunicatewiththedatabase.TheSqueakybusinessteamhassincepurchasedasetofbusinessobjectstomodeltheirsystem，andtheSqueakydeveloperchargedwithmaintainingthewebapplicationmustnowrefactoralltheJSPstoworkwiththenewsystem.Whichpatterncanthedeveloperusetosolvethisproblem？（）

A.TransferObject

B.ServiceLocator

C.InterceptingFilter

D.BusinessDelegate

The following sequence of steps are employed by a company to develop its annual profit plan.下面是某 家公司编制年度利润计划的步骤顺序： ? Planning guidelines are disseminated downward by top management after receiving input from all levels of management.在汇总各管理层提供的信息后，由最高管理当局编制计划的框架，并向下传 达 ? 1.A sales budget is prepared by individual sales units reflecting the sales targets of the various segments.This provides the basis for departmental production budgets and other related CMA Exam Retired Questions ? 2008 Institute of Certified Management Accountants components by the various operating units.Communication is primarily lateral with some upward communication possible.各销售单位编制销售预算，该预算体现各分部的销售目标。这为各部门的 生产预算提供基础以及为各营运单位提供预算的其它组成部分。沟通以横向为主，向上纵向为辅。 ? A profit plan is submitted to top management for coordination and review.Top management's recommendations and revisions are acted upon by middle management.A revised profit plan is resubmitted for further review to top management.利润计划呈送最高管理当局进行协调和审查。最 高管理当局的建议和修改，由中级管理层据以执行。经中级管理层修订后的利润计划，重新提交最 高管理当局作进一步审查 ? Top management grants final approval and distributes the formal plan downward to the various operating units.最高管理当局最终通过后，把正式的计划下达给各营运单位 This outline of steps best describes which one of the following approaches to budget development?以上对各步骤的概述和下列哪一项预算编制方法最为契合？

A.Imposed budgeting by top management.通过高级管理层强制执行

B.Bottom-up approach.自下而上

C.Top-down approach.自上而下

D.Total justification of all activities by operating units.由各营运单位定夺各项业务的总体合理性

David Hume was the first philosopher to study mankind.

Part B

67. Below is a list of estimates of the average temperature rise in China in the 21st century. Look at it and write an essay of about 120 words making reference to the following two points :

1) a description of the listed information;

2) your comment on it.