Generally, smog exists at the , where industrial and human activities.（urban areas / village areas)

This passage is mainly about the impact of environmental issues on activities of individual companies.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Despite decades of scientific research, no one yet knows how much damage human activity is doing to the environment. Humans are thought to be responsible for a whole host of environmental problems, ranging from global warming to ozone depletion. What is not in doubt, however, is the devastating effect humans are having on the animal and plant life of the planet. Currently, an estimated 50, 000 species become extinct every year. If this carries on, the impact on all living creatures is likely to be profound, says Dr. Nick Middleton, a geographer at Oxford University. " All species depend in some way on each other to survive. And the danger is that, if you remove one species from this very complex web of interrelationships, you have very little idea about the knock-on effects on the ecosystem. So, if you lose a key species, you might cause a whole cascade of other extinctions. " Complicating matters is the fact that there are no obvious solutions to the problem. Unlike global warming and ozone depletion — which, if the political will was there, could be reduced by cutting gas emissions — preserving biodiversity remains an intractable problem. The latest idea is " sustainable management" , which is seen as a practical and economical way of protecting species from extinction. This means humans should be able to use any species of animal or plant for their benefit, provided enough individuals of that species are left alive to ensure its continued existence. For instance, instead of depending on largely ineffective laws against poaching, it gives local people a good economic reason to preserve plants and animals. In Zimbabwe, there is a sustainable management project to protect elephants. Foreign tourists pay large sums of money to kill these animals for sport. This money is then given to the inhabitants of the area where the hunting takes place. In theory, locals will be encouraged to protect elephants, instead of poaching them — or allowing others to poach them — because of the economic benefit involved. This sounds like a sensible strategy, but it remains to be seen whether it will work. With corruption endemic in many developing countries, some observers are skeptical that the money will actually reach the people it is intended for. Others wonder how effective the locals will be at stopping poachers. There are also questions about whether sustainable management is practical when it comes to protecting areas of great biodiversity such as the worlds tropical forests. In theory, the principle should be the same as with elephants — allow logging companies to cut down a certain number of trees, but not so many as to completely destroy the forest. Sustainable management of forests requires controls on the number of trees which are cut down, as well as investment in replacing them. But because almost all tropical forests are located in countries which desperately need revenue from logging, there are few regulations to do this. Moreover, unrestricted logging is so much more profitable that wood prices from managed forests would cost up to five times more — an increase that consumers, no matter how "green" , are unlikely to pay. For these reasons, sustainable management of tropical forests is unlikely to become widespread in the near future. This is disheartening news. Its estimated these forests contain anything from 50 to 90 percent of all animal and plant species on Earth. In one study of a five-square-kilometer area of rain forest in Peru, for instance, scientists counted 1, 300 species of butterflies and 600 species of birds. In the entire continental United States, only 400 species of butterflies and 700 species of birds have been recorded. Scientist professor Norman Myers sees this situation as a gigantic "experiment were conducting with our planet". "We dont know what the outcome will be. If we make a mess of it, we cant move to another planet ... Its a case of one planet, one experiment. "

What damage do we know for sure is human activity doing to the environment?

A．Global warming.

B．Ozone depletion.

C．Species extinction.

D．All of the above.

Climate Change

Scientists predict increasing droughts, floods and extreme weather and say there is growing evidence that human activities are to blame.

What Is Climate Change?

The planet's climate is constantly changing. The global average temperature is currently in the region of 15℃. Geological and other evidence suggests that, in the past, this average may have been as high as 27℃ and as low as 7℃.

But scientists are concerned that the natural fluctuation (波动) has been overtaken by a rapid human-induced warming that has serious implications for the stability of the climate on which much life on the planet depends.

What Is the "Greenhouse Effect"?

The greenhouse effect refers to the role played by gases which effectively trap energy from the Sun in the Earth's atmosphere. Without them, the planet would be too cold to sustain life as we know it.

The most important of these gases in the natural greenhouse effect is water vapor, but concentrations of that are changing little and it plays almost no role in modern human-induced greenhouse warming.

Other greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane (甲烷) and nitrous (含氮的) oxide, which arc released by modern industry, agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. Their concentration in the atmosphere is increasing-the concentration of carbon dioxide has risen by more than 30% since 1800.

The majority of climate scientists accept the theory that an increase in these gases will cause a rise in the Earth's temperature.

What Is the Evidence of Warming?

Temperature records go back to the late 19th century and show that the global average temperature increased by about 0.6℃ in the 20th century.

Sea levels have risen 10～20 cm-thought to be caused mainly by the expansion of warming oceans.

Most glaciers in temperate regions of the world and along the Antarctic Peninsula are in retreat, and records show Arctic sea-ice has thinned by 40% in recent decades in summer and autumn.

There are anomalies (异常) however-parts of the Antarctic appear to be getting colder, and there are discrepancies between trends in surface temperatures and those in the troposphere(对流层) (the lower portion of the atmosphere).

How Much Will Temperatures Rise?

If nothing is done to reduce emissions, current climate models predict a global temperature increase of 1.4～5.8℃ by 2100.

Even if we cut greenhouse gas emissions dramatically now, scientists say the effects would continue because parts of the climate system, particularly large bodies of water and ice, can take hundreds of years to respond to changes in temperature. It also takes greenhouse gases in the atmosphere decades to break down.

It is possible that we have already irrevocably(不可撤回地) committed the Greenland ice sheet to melting, which would cause an estimated 7m rise in sea level. There are also indications that the west Antarctic ice sheet may have begun to melt, though scientists caution further research is necessary.

How Will the Weather Change?

Globally, we can expect more extreme weather events, with heat waves becoming hotter and more frequent. Scientists predict more rainfall overall, but say the risk of drought in inland areas during hot summers will increase. More flooding is expected from storms and rising sea levels.

There are, however, likely to be very strong regional variations in these patterns, and these are difficult to predict.

What Will the Effects Be?

The potential impact is huge, with predicted freshwater shortages, sweeping changes in food production conditions, and increases in deaths from floods, storms, heat waves and droughts. Poorer countries, which are least equipped to deal with rapid change, will suffer most.

Plant and animal ex

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Climate Change

Scientists predict increasing droughts, floods and extreme weather and say there is growing evidence that human activities are to blame.

What Is Climate Change?

The planet's climate is constantly changing. The global average temperature is currently in the region of 15℃. Geological and other evidence suggests that, in the past, this average may have been as high as 27℃ and as low as 7℃.

But scientists are concerned that the natural fluctuation (波动) has been overtaken by a rapid human-induced warming that has serious implications for the stability of the climate on which much life on the planet depends.

What Is the "Greenhouse Effect"?

The greenhouse effect refers to the role played by gases which effectively trap energy from the Sun in the Earth's atmosphere. Without them, the planet would be too cold to sustain life as we know it.

The most important of these gases in the natural greenhouse effect is water vapor, but concentrations of that are changing little and it plays almost no role in modem human-induced greenhouse warming.

Other greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane (甲烷) and nitrous (含氮的) oxide, which are released by modern industry, agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. Their concentration in the atmosphere is increasing—the concentration of carbon dioxide has risen by more than 30% since 1800.

The majority of climate scientists accept the theory that an increase in these gases will cause a rise in the Earth's temperature.

What Is the Evidence of Warming?

Temperature records go back to the late 19th century and show that the global average temperature increased by about 0.6℃ in the 20th century.

Sea levels have risen 10～20 cm—thought to be caused mainly by the expansion of warming oceans.

Most glaciers in temperate regions of the world and along the Antarctic Peninsula are in retreat, and records show Arctic sea-ice has thinned by 40% in recent decades in summer and autumn.

There are anomalies (异常) however—parts of. the Antarctic appear to be getting colder, and there are discrepancies between trends in surface temperatures and those in the troposphere(对流层) (the lower portion of the atmosphere).

How Much Will Temperatures Rise?

If nothing is done to reduce emissions, current climate models predict a global temperature increase of 1.4～5.8℃ by 2100.

Even if we cut greenhouse gas emissions dramatically now, scientists say the effects would continue because parts of the climate system, particularly large bodies of water and ice, can take hundreds of years to respond to changes in temperature. It also takes greenhouse gases in the atmosphere decades to break down.

It is possible that we have already irrevocably(不可撤回地) committed the Greenland ice sheet to melting, which would cause an estimated 7m rise in sea level. There are also indications that the west Antarctic ice sheet may have begun to melt. though scientists caution further research is necessary.

How Will the Weather Change?

Globally, we can expect more extreme weather events, with heat waves becoming hotter and more frequent. Scientists predict more rainfall overall, but say the risk of thought in inland areas during hot summers will increase. More flooding is expected from storms and rising sea levels.

There are, however, likely to be very strong regional variations in these patterns, and these ere difficult to predict.

What Will the Effects Be?

The potential impact is huge, with predicted freshwater shortages, sweeping changes in food production conditions, and increases in deaths from floods, storms, heat waves and droughts. Poorer countries, which are least equipped to deal with rapid change, will suffer most.

Plant and animal extinctions are predicte

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

According to the professor, what does the professor imply about the activity of individual tutorials and discussions?

A．Teachers play the most important role in this activity.

B．Both teachers and students are important in this activity.

C．Students play a more important role than teachers do.

D．Students have to prepare well and talk as much as possible.

Vacation schools and extracurricular activities are mentioned in Para. 2 to illustrate alternatives to formal education pro- vided ______ by public schools.

A) the importance of educational changes

B) activities that competed to attract new

C) immigrants to their programs

D) the increased impact of public schools on students

•Read the text about business-school.

•Choose the best word from below to fill each gap.

•For each question 21—30, mark one letter (A, B, C or D).

Hurtling as we are towards the new millennium, with all the social changes this iconic date implies, it is increasingly apparent (21) the world of business is experiencing fundamental shifts. Today, both companies and schools are increasingly aware that business is a human activity; it's ultimately (22) and about people.

In future, employers will (23) doubt demand more rounded individuals to run their operations, which naturally creates a question for the next generation of students, "Is the classic MBA still the model—and obligatory—passage toward that ideal career?"

The Masters of Business Administration (MBA), the best-known business school label, is an introduction to general management. The traditional MBA, Harvard-style, has remained largely unaltered (24) the 1950s, and seeks to provide a thorough knowledge of business functions through the case study—a(n) (25) incidentally borrowed from law school.

The trouble is that the real world is not a theoretical exercise. The problems managers face today are messy, and, if anything, are becoming messier, neither fitting in neat functional boxes nor (26) one simple answer. Ambiguity is the hardest (27) to manage, but it's the one most managers are wrestling with.

"Management is more art than science," observes Richard D'Aveni, professor of strategic management at Dartmouth's Amos Tuck School of Business Administration. "No one can say with certainty which decisions will bring the most (28) , any more than they can create instructions over (29) to sculpt a masterpiece. You just have to feel it as it goes."

John Quelch is another business-school insider who detects the limitations of the traditional syllabus. According to Quelch, leadership is an area that b-schools have not fully addressed. It is notoriously hard to teach, (30) programs do have the capacity to provide a grounding in non-business areas and personal growth.

(21)

A．which

B．that

C．how

D．why

Vacation schools and extracurricular activities are mentioned in Para. 2 to illustrate alternatives to formal education pro-vided ______ by public schools.

A．the importance of educational changes

B．activities that competed to attract new

C．immigrants to their programs

D．the increased impact of public schools on students