England established its first Atlantic colonies in Virginia at Jamestown in 1607 and in California.

The first British Colony established in America in 1607 is

A．Jamestown.

B．Boston Harbor.

C．Philadelphia.

D．Lexington.

The development of Jamestown in Virginia during the second half of the seventeenth century was closely related to the making and using of bricks. There are several practical reasons why bricks be came important to the colony.

Although the forests could initially supply sufficient timber, the process of lumbering was extremely difficult, particularly because of the lack of roads. Later, when the timber on the peninsula had been depleted, wood had to be brought from some distance. Building stone was also in short sup ply. However, as clay was plentiful, it was inevitably that the colonists would turn to brickmaking.

In addition to practical reasons for using brick as the principal construction material, there was also an ideological reason. Brick represented durability and permanence. The Virginia company of London instructed the colonists to build hospitals and new residences out of brick. In 1662, the town Act of the Virginia Assembly provided for the construction of thirty-two brick buildings and prohibited the use of wood as a construction material. Had this law ever been successfully enforced, James town would have been a model city. Instead, the residents failed to comply fully with the law; and by 1699 Jamestown had collapsed into a pile of rubble with only three or four houses where people could stay.

What is the subject of this passage?

A．The reasons for brickmaking in Jamestown.

B．The cause of the failure of Jamestown.

C．The laws of the Virginia colonists.

D．The problems of the early American colonies.

The development of Jamestown in Virginia during the second half of the 17th century was closely related to the making and use of bricks. There are several practical reasons why bricks became important to the colony. Although the forest could initially supply sufficient timber, the process of lumbering was extremely difficult, particularly because of the lack of roads. Later, when the timber on the peninsula had been depleted, wood had to be brought from some distance. Building stone was also in short supply. However, as clay was plentiful, it was inevitable that the colonists would turn to brickmaking.

In addition to practical reasons for using brick as the principal construction material, there was also an ideological reason. Brick represented durability and permanence. The Virginia Company of London instructed the colonies to build hospitals and new residences out of brick. In 1662, the Town Act of the Virginia Assembly provided for the construction of thirty - two brick buildings and prohibited the use of wood as a construction material. Had this law ever been successful enforced, Jamestown Would have been a model city. Instead, the residents failed to comply fully with the law; and by 1699 Jamestown had collapsed into a pile of rubble with only three or four habitable houses.

What is the subject of this passage?

A．The reason for brick making in Jamestown.

B．The cause of the failure of Jamestown.

C．The law of the Virginia colonists.

D．The problem of the early American colonies.

The first colonists to Jamestown were form. England. 查看材料

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America need hardly be stressed. Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass or soap making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of the Noah American continent.

The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers exports in potash making.

The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash. In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was ex- ported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For de- spite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to encourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.

What aspect of potash does the passage mainly talks about?

A．How it was made.

B．Its value as a product for export.

C．How it differs from other alkalis.

D．Its importance in colonial North America.

回答题： Living History at Jamestown Settlement

A woman in Native American clothes is sitting in the sun， sewing address form. animal skin， Inside a building， a colonist is making a wooden chair， using very simple tools. This is all around， tourists are taking pictures with their digital（数码的）cameras. This is Jamestown settlement today.

Jamestown， Virginia， was one of the first place in the word where people form. Europe， American， and Africa came together in 1608. Today， it is a living history museum， where children and adults come to experience history. In a living history museum， actors wear clothes and adults form. the past and demonstrate many of the activities of daily life back then. The actor also talk to the visitors and explain everything they do.

At a living history museum， there are always many things to touch， hear， and smell. Visitors at Jamestown settlement can walk through copies of the three small sailing ships that carried colonists to Virginia and even lie down in a colonist"s bed! The colonists stayed on the crowed， dangerous ships for more than four months. When they got to Virginia， they built an area of houses with a high wall around it. In today"s fort（堡垒）， you can see houses， a church， and even a garden with foods that the colonists ate. Women in long dresses work inside their homes， and visitor can help them with their sewing and cooking.

There is also an Indian Village at Jamestown settlement， and it looks very different from the fort. It shows how the Indians lived in long houses and grew corn and other crops in large fields. Actors there make pottery（陶器）and teach visitors how to play Indian games. You can even help them make an India boat form. a tree!

Today， the living history museum of Jamestown is very popular， especially with children and families. People come here to have fun， but also to learn. Many school classes visit to experience old ways of getting things done.

A living history museum is the best way to understand how people lived in the past.

Tourists like to take pictures in Jamestown Settlement today. 查看材料

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

The first English colony in America established in

A．New Jersey.

B．New York.

C．Jamestown.

D．Georgia.

The first English colony in America established in

A．New Jersey.

B．New York

C．Jamestown.

D．Georgia.

On September 30th students at the University of Massachusetts threw a toga (a ceremonial gown) party. The cops showed up, uninvited. They charged the host, James Connolly, with underage drinking, making too much noise, and having a keg without a licence. For punishment, he had to put on his toga again and stand in front of the police station for an hour.

Dan Markel of Florida State University reckons that such "shaming punishments" are on the rise. In 2003 a couple of teenagers who defaced a nativity scene in Ohio had to parade through town with a donkey.

"The punishment must fit the crime," explained the judge, Michael Cicconetti. Several cities have aired the names of men caught soliciting prostitutes on "John TV". In 2004, a federal appeals court agreed that a mail thief could be made to stand outside a California post office wearing a sandwich board. "I stole mail," it read. "This is my punishment." In Virginia, if you fail to pay child support, you may find your car wheel-clamped: pink if you are neglecting a girl, blue for a boy.

Many support shaming punishments. Amitai Etzioni of George Washington University has argued that they are a good way to express communal values. Fines, in contrast, imply that you can buy a clear conscience. And shame seems to be a powerful deterrent. Mr. Cicconetti says he sees few repeat offenders. Cheerful Hobbesian types want everyone to know who the bad guys are, so that decent citizens can avoid them.

Others are doubtful. According to Mr. Markel, shaming punishments undermine human dignity. He suggests alternative punishments that omit the public-humiliation factor. A landlord who flouts the health code, for example, could be made to stay in one of his own slums. And it is true that there is something unpleasant about the desire to see other people humiliated. Remember the matron who objects to Hester Prynne's scarlet letter: "Why, look you, she may cover it with a brooch, or suchlike heathenish adornment, and so walk the streets as brave as ever!"

But voters appear to be comfortable on the high horse. Ted Poe, a former district judge from Texas, made his reputation by issuing a string of embarrassing sentences. He called this "Poetic justice." Once, he sentenced a man who stole pistols from the Lone Ranger to shovel manure in the Houston police stables. In 2004 Mr. Poe was elected to the House of Representatives at his first attempt.

Which of the following example shows that the penalty is suitable for the crime?

A．A man involved in sexual services has to parade through city with a donkey.

B．A letter thief is forced to stand outside a post office to admit his wrongdoing.

C．A person not paying child support is aired on TV.

D．A student drinking alcohol must stand in front of schoolgate for an hour.

Which of the following is NOT true about the Jamestown colony?

A．It was founded in 1607 by the London Company.

B．The number of the first settlers at Jamestown was 105.

C．The settlers sent gold from the colony to England and made a fortune.

D．Disease, starvation and misadventure killed over half of the settlers in 1607.