A McDonald’s Big Mac value meal consists of a Big Mac Sandwich （$2.99), Large Coke （$1.39)

A. For example, a 6-inch Pizza Hut Personal Pan Pepperoni pizza has 660 calories, and a McDonald’s Big Mac has 560 calories. B. In conclusion, a quick meal at a fast-food restaurant may be delicious and convenient, but it is definitely not a healthy way to eat. C. Second, a lot of the calories from fast food are from fat. D. Third, fast-food items such as hamburgers and French fries contain high amounts of salt. E. Fast food is extremely popular in the United States, but it is not very good for our body. F. First of all, most fast food is very high in calories. G. A typical meal at McDonald’s contains as much as 1,370 milligrams of sodium. H. Finally, add a sugary soft drink to our fast-food meal, and we pound the last nail into the heart of any nutritionist. I. For instance, a portion of Nachos Supreme from Taco Bell contains 26 grams of fat, and a Big Mac contains 30 grams.

A、E F I C A G D H B

B、F A C I D G H E B

C、E F A C I D G H B

D、B F A C I D G H E

Grandma, what a big and. fickle metaphor you can be! For children, the name translates as "the magnificent one with presents in her suitcase who thinks I'm a genius if I put my shoes on the right feet, and who stuffs me with cookies the moment my parents' backs are turned."

In news reports, to call a woman "grandmotherly" is shorthand for "kindly, frail, harmless, keeper of the family antimacassars, and operationally past tense."

For anthropologists and ethnographers of yore, grandmothers were crones, an impediment to "real" research. The renowned ethnographer Charles William Merton Hart, who in the 1920's studied the Tiwi hunter-gatherers of Australia, described the elder females there as "a terrible nuisance" and "physically quite revolting" and in whose company he was distressed to find himself on occasion, yet whose activities did not merit recording or analyzing with anything like the attention he paid to the men, the young women, even the children.

But for a growing number of evolutionary biologists and cultural anthropologists, grandmothers represent a key to understanding human prehistory, and the particulars of why we are as we are slow to grow up and start breeding but remarkably fruitful once we get there, empathetic and generous as animals go, and family-focused to a degree hardly seen elsewhere in the primate order.

As a result, biologists, evolutionary anthropologists, sociologists and demographers are starting to pay more attention to grandmothers': what they did in the past, whether and how they made a difference to their families' welfare, and what they are up to now in a sampling of cultures around the world.

At a recent international conference—the first devoted to grandmothers—researchers concluded with something approaching a consensus that grandmothers in particular, and elder female kin in general, have been an underrated source of power and sway in our evolutionary heritage. Grandmothers, they said, are in a distinctive evolutionary category. They are no longer reproductively active themselves, as older males may struggle to be, but they often have many hale years ahead of them; and as the existence of substantial proportions of older adults among even the most "primitive" cultures indicates, such durability is nothing new.

If, over the span of human evolution, postmenopausal women have not been using their stalwart bodies for bearing babies, they very likely have been directing their considerable energies elsewhere.

Say, over the river and through the woods. It turns out that there is h reason children are perpetually yearning for the flour-dusted, mythical figure called grandma or granny or oma or abuelita. As a number of participants at the conference demonstrated, the presence or absence of a grandmother often spelled the difference in traditional subsistence cultures between life or death for the grandchildren. In fact, having a grandmother around sometimes improved a child's prospects to a far greater extent than did the presence of a father.

Dr. Ruth Mace and Dr. Rebecca Sear of the department of anthropology at University College in London, for example, analyzed demographic information from rural Gambia that was collected from 1950 to 1974, when child mortality rates in the area were so high that even minor discrepancies in care could be all too readily tallied. The anthropologists found that for Gambian toddlers, weaned from the protective balm of breast milk but not yet possessing strength and immune vigor of their own, the presence of a grandmother cut their chances of dying in half.

"The surprising result to us was that if the father was alive or dead didn't matter," Dr. Mace said in a telephone interview. "If the grandmother dies, you notice it; if the father does, you don't."

Importantly, this beneficent granny effect derived only from maternal grandmothers— the mother of one's mother.

A．It makes people think of kindness, frailty, old fashion, etc.

B．The word has different associations for different people.

C．The word brings a sense of security to children.

D．The word means an impediment to real research.

Grandma, what a big and fickle metaphor you can be! For children, the name translates as "the magnificent one with presents in her suitcase who thinks I'm a genius if I put my shoes on the right feet, and who stuffs me with cookies the moment my parents' backs are turned."

In news reports, to call a woman "grandmotherly" is shorthand for "kindly, frail, harmless, keeper of the family antimacassars, and operationally past tense."

For anthropologists and ethnographers of yore, grandmothers were crones, an impediment to "real" research. The renowned ethnographer Charles William Merton Hart, who in the 1920's studied the Tiwi hunter-gatherers of Australia, described the elder females there as "a terrible nuisance" and "physically quite revolting" and in whose company he was distressed to find himself on occasion, yet whose activities did not merit recording or analyzing with anything like the attention he paid to the men, the young women, even the children.

But for a growing number of evolutionary biologists and cultural anthropologists, grandmothers represent a key to understanding human prehistory, and the particulars of why we are as we are —slow to grow up and start breeding but remarkably fruitful once we get there, empathetic and generous as animals go, and family-focused to a degree hardly seen elsewhere in the primate order.

As a result, biologists, evolutionary anthropologists, sociologists and demographers are starting to pay more attention to grandmothers: what they did in the past, whether and how they made a difference to their families' welfare, and what they are up to now in a sampling of cultures around the world.

At a recent international conference —the first devoted to grandmothers —researchers concluded with something approaching a consensus that grandmothers in particular, and elder female kin in general, have been an underrated source of power and sway in our evolutionary heritage. Grandmothers, they said, are in a distinctive evolutionary category. They are no longer reproductively active themselves, as older males may struggle to be, but they often have many hale years ahead of them; and as the existence of substantial proportions of older adults among even the most "primitive" cultures indicates, such durability is nothing new.

If, over the span of human evolution, postmenopausal women have not been using their Stalwart bodies for bearing babies, they very likely have been directing their considerable energies elsewhere.

Say, over the river and through the woods. It turns out that there is a reason children are perpetually yearning for the flourdusted, mythical figure called grandma or granny or oma or abuelita. As a number of participants at the conference demonstrated, the presence or absence of a grandmother often spelled the difference in traditional subsistence cultures between life or death for the grandchildren. In fact, having a grandmother around sometimes improved a child's prospects to a far greater extent than did the presence of a father.

Dr. Ruth Mace and Dr. Rebecca Sear of the department of anthropology at University College in London, for example, analyzed demographic information from rural Gambia that was collected from 1950 to 1974, when child mortality rates in the area were so high that even minor discrepancies in care could be all too readily tallied. The anthropologists found that for Gambian toddlers, weaned from the protective balm of breast milk but not yet possessing strength and immune vigor of their own, the presence of a grandmother cut their chances of dying in half.

"The surprising result to us was that if the father was alive or dead didn't matter," Dr. Mace said in a telephone interview. "If the grandmother dies, you notice it; if the father does, you don't."

Importantly, this beneficent granny effect derived only from maternal grandmothers —the mother of one's mother. The p

A．It makes people think of kindness, frailty, old fashion, etc.

B．The word has different associations for different people.

C．The word brings a sense of security to children.

D．The word means an impediment to real research.

‘Mum, can we go to McDonald’s, please?’ Some people might ask, ‘Where would we be today if we did not have fast food?’ and ‘Where would parents take their children out to eat?’ It has been reported that approximately 30% of meals consumed by families in the USA are eaten at one of the big chains like Burger King and Taco Bell, though probably none is more famous than McDonald’s. The distinctive ‘golden arch’ can now be seen in most major cities in the world. In 2002, McDonald’s had approximately 25,000 restaurants in over 120 countries and served 29 million people a day. Apparently, the secret of their success is a marketing strategy of ‘think global, act local’. McDonald’s learnt that if they adapted their ‘Mac’ meals to different cultures, it was more successful than having a standardised set of products that taste the same everywhere. So now, around 80% of McDonald’s restaurants are franchised to local people who serve food with a ‘local’ flavour. For example, in Hong Kong, food called ‘Shake Shake Fries’ and ‘Red Bean Sunday’ can be found on the menu, while in Switzerland, ‘Vegi Macs’ are served. However, fast food is not popular with everyone. It is often called ‘junk’ food because it is said to be unhealthy and full of fat. Furthermore, many people claim that fast food chains produce enormous amounts of waste, while millions of people in developing countries go hungry. At the same time, more and more people no longer cook fresh food at home. ‘Convenience’ food is just too convenient! It is so easy for people with busy working lives to call into their local branch of Marks and Spencer, or some other supermarket chain, to buy ready-made meals on their way home from work. It is even easier to buy a ‘take-away’ from a local restaurant or pick up the phone and order a pizza to be delivered to your home. The ‘golden arch’ in the second paragraph refers to ______________.

A.Burger King

B.Taco Bell

C.McDonald’s

D.all the fast food restaurants

Ellen MacArthur started sailing when she was eight，going out on sailing trips with her aunt．She loved it so much that she saved her money for three years to buy her first small sailing boat．When she was 18，she sailed alone around Britain and won the“Young Sailor of the Year”award．

But Ellen really became famous in 2001．Aged only 24，she was one of only two women who entered the Vendee Globe round the world solo race，which lasts t00 days．Despite many problems，she came second in the race out of 24 competitors and she was given a very warm welcome when she returned．

Ambition and determination have always been a big part of Ellen's personality．When she was younger，she lived in a kind of hut(棚屋) for three years while she was trying to get sponsorship to compete in a transatlantic race．Then she took a one-way ticket to France，bought a tiny seven meter Class Miniyacht，slept under it while she was repairing it，and then she raced it 4，000 kilometers across the Atlanticin 1997，alone for 33 days．

Ellen has had to learn many things，because sailing single-handed means that she has to be her own captain，electrician，sailmaker，engineer，doctor，journalist，cameraman and cook．She also has to be very fit，and because of the dangers of sleeping for long periods of time she's in the middle of the ocean，she has trained herself to sleep for about 20 minutes at a time．

And she needs courage．Once，in the middle of the ocean，she had to climb the mast(桅杆) of a boat to repair the sails-at four o'clock in the morning，with 100kph winds blowing around her．It took her many hours to make the repairs；Ellen says：“I was exhausted when I came down．It's hard to describe how it feels to be up there．It's like trying to hold onto a big pole，which for me is just too big to get my arms around，with someone kicking you all the time and trying to shake you off”．

But in her diary，Ellen also describes moments which make it all worthwhile(值得的)：“A beautiful sunrise started the day，with black clouds slowly lit by the bright yellow sun．I have a very strong feeling of pleasure，being out here on the ocean and having the chance to live this．I just feel lucky to be here”．

In the Vendee Globe race，Ellen won

A．the second place．

B．a gold medal．

C．the“Young Sailor of the Year”award．

D．the“Best Woman Sailor”award．