Denotative meanings are the implied meanings of words.

Utterance meaning includes not only the relevant sentential meaning(s) but also various meanings determined by the contexts where the utterance takes place.()

In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words. They, taken together,【C1】______the whole vocabulary. First, there are those words【C2】______which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, which, we learn,【C3】______is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and which we should know and use【C4】______we could not road or write. They .【C5】______the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of【C6】______who speak the language. Such words may be called "popular", since they belong to the people【C7】______and are not the【C8】______of a limited class only.

On the other hand, our language includes a large number of words which are【C9】______seldom used in ordinary conversation. Their meanings are known to every【C10】______person, but there is little【C11】______to use them at home. Our first【C12】______with them comes not from our mother's lips or from the talk of our classmates,【C13】______from books that we read, lectures that we hear, or the more formal conversation of【C14】______educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated【C15】______. Such words are called "learned", and the difference between them and "popular" words is【C16】______great importance to a right understanding of language. We may【C17】______a girl as "lively" or as "vivacious. "In the first【C18】______, we are using a native English word【C19】______from the familiar noun "life". In the【C20】______, we are using a Latin derivative which has exactly the same meaning.

【C1】

A．bring up

B．make up

C．take up

D．put up

In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words, which makes up the whole vocabulary. First, there are those words 【B1】 which we become familiar in daily conversation, which we 【B2】, that is to say, from the 【B3】 of our own family and from our friends, and 【B4】 we should know and use 【B5】 we could not read or write. They 【B6】 the common things of life with all the people who 【B7】 the language. Such words may be called "popular", since they belong to the people 【B8】 and are not excluded 【B9】 a limited class.

On the other hand, our language 【B10】 a large number of words which are comparatively 【B11】 used in ordinary conversation. Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little 【B12】 to use them at home or in the market-place. Our 【B13】 acquaintance (熟悉) with them comes not from our mothers' 【B14】 or from the talk of our schoolmates, 【B15】 from books that we read, lectures that we 【B16】 , or the more 【B17】 conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular 【B18】 in a style. properly higher above the habitual 【B19】 of everyday life. Such words are called "learned", and the 【B20】 between them and the "popular" words is of great importance to a right understanding of language study process.

【B1】

A．at

B．with

C．by

D．through

This practice book is intended for foreign engineers or students of engineering who have already mastered the elements of English, and who now want to use their knowledge of the language to read books on their own subjects. Readers should understand, however, that the purpose of the book is to teach language, not to teach engineering.

The language in which scientific and technical facts are expressed is certainly not a different language from that of everyday life, but all the same it presents the foreign students with a number of special problems. The most obvious and the most widely recognized of these problems is the vocabulary. Much more difficult are the semi-scientific or semi-technical words, which have a whole range of meanings and are frequently used idiomatically. One of the aims of this practice book is to present as many of these words as possible, and as often as possible: words such as work and paint and lead and feed and force. Words like these look harmless, but they can cause a lot of trouble to the students.

But more than anything else, I have tried to describe the technical statement: that is, the completed sentence rather than the individual word. Many of the structures illustrated in the book are essential to the expression of technical facts and ideas—at least for the present.

Whom is the book primarily addressed to?

To the foreigners engaged in ______ who want to read books on their subject in English.

Almost everyone knows the meanings of Mr, Mrs and Miss. Mr is used before the names of men. Mrs is used for married women and Miss is for unmarried woman. But ___21___ is Ms?

For some time, businessmen in the United States have used Ms before a woman's name when they do not know whether the woman is married or not. Today, however, many women like Ms better than Mrs or Miss.

The word “___22___” does not tell us whether or not a man is married. So the women want to be equal to men in this way. These women feel that it is not important for people to know whether they are married or not.

There are some problems with Ms. Not all the women like it. Some like the older ways of doing things. Some find ___23___ difficult to read. Ms ___24___[miz]. Young women like it better than older women ___25___. It is difficult to know whether most American women will use Ms in the future. What do you think of it?

21)、

A.Mr

B.it

C.sounds like

D.do

E.what

22)、

A.Mr

B.it

C.sounds like

D.do

E.what

23)、

A.Mr

B.it

C.sounds like

D.do

E.what

24)、

A.Mr

B.it

C.sounds like

D.do

E.what

25)、

A.Mr

B.it

C.sounds like

D.do

E.what

Black and white are two common words. White means bright and purity, black is darkness and evil, but not always. Sometimes the words are used differently. White hats and black hats represent the traditional meaning of the words. The hats are symbols of the good guys and the bad guys in American western movements. White hats and black hats had a real purpose in the early days of motion pictures. The early movies were made with no sounds. So the movie directors put a white hat on the hero and a black hat on his opponent, the bad guy in the story. A black sheep is a person who does things that are not accepted, that violate tradition. A black sheep is rejected because he brings shame to his group. A family may have a member who is thought of as a black sheep, a person who is not welcome at family gatherings.

Black is also used in some expressions that describe good things. Feeling in the black, for example, is a good situation for anyone. It is a business expression. It means that the company is earning money. The store that makes profit is in the black. The expression comes from the color of ink that is used in the books that record a company's profits or losses. Profits are written in black ink, losses are written in red. So when someone says his business is in the red, he means it is losing money.

White usually means something good. A white-collar job, for example, is the kind of job many people seek. It is a job where you work at the desk, using your brain instead of your muscles. Usually white-collar jobs pay more than blue-collar jobs. These jobs are where you don't use your muscles. Sometimes white is used in an expression that is not good. Whitewash is such an expression. At first whitewash meant to paint over something with white paint, making it look better but now whitewash has different meaning, to hide or cover up mistakes or falls. A newspaper might report, for example, that the investigation of the train accident is a whitewash because investigators did not really try to discover who was responsible.

Some expressions use black and white together. Someone may say to you that your proposal sounds all right but he wants to see it in black and white. He wants to see your proposal in writing, black ink on white paper. Some people are said to see things only in black and white. Now this expression, black and white, represent opposite extremes, with no middle ground between them. Most issues in the world are not so simple as black and white. One side of an issue is not all white or good and the other side is not all black, wrong or evil. In the real world there are many gray areas where black and white are mixed to represent the true situation.

The movie directors used a white hat to show the hero and black hat his opponent in

A．early movies.

B．early soundless movies.

C．modern movies.

D．movies with sounds.

In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, comprise the whole vocabulary. Firstly, there are those words【1】which we become acquainted in daily conversation, which we【2】, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our familiar associates, and【3】we should know and use even if we could not read or write. They concern the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who【4】the language. Such words may be called "popular", since they belong to the people at large and are not the exclusive possession of a limited class.

On the other hand, our language【5】a multitude of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little【6】to use them at home or in the marketplace. Our first acquaintance with them comes not from our mother's【7】or from the talk of our schoolmates, but from books that we read, lectures that we【8】, or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular【9】in style. appropriately elevated above the habitual level of everyday life. Such words are called "learned", and the【10】between them and "popular" words is of great importance to a right understanding of linguistic process.

(11)

A．by

B．with

C．through

D．at

In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, comprise the whole vocabulary. First, there are those words【C1】______which we become acquainted in daily conversation, which we【C2】______, that is to say, from the【C3】______of our own family and from our familiar associates, and【C4】______we should know and use【C5】______we could not read or write. They【C6】______the common things of life, and are the stock in trade (惯用手法) of all who【C7】______the language. Such words may be called "popular," since they belong to the people【C8】______and are not the exclusive【C9】______of a limited class.

On the other hand, our language【C10】______a multitude of words which are comparatively【C11】______used in ordinary conversation. Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little【C12】______to use them at home or in the market-place. Our【C13】______acquaintance with them comes not from our mother's【C14】______or from the talk of our schoolmates,【C15】______from books that we read, lectures that we【C16】______, or the more formal conversation of【C17】______educated speakers who are discussing some particular【C18】______ in a style. appropriately elevated above the habitual【C19】______of everyday life. Such words are called "learned," and the【C20】______ between them and "popular" words is of great importance to a right understanding of linguistic (语言学的) process.

【C1】

A．at

B．with

C．by

D．through

In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, comprises the whole vocabulary. First, there arc those words【C1】______which we become acquainted in daily conversation, which we【C2】______, that is to say, from the【C3】______of our own family and from our familiar associates, and【C4】______we should know and use【C5】______we could not read or write. They【C6】______the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who【C7】______the language. Such words may be called "popular", since they belong to the people【C8】______and are not exclusive【C9】______of a limited class.

On the other hand, our language【C10】______a multitude of words which are comparatively【C11】______used in ordinary conversation. Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little【C12】______to use them at home or in the market-place. Our first acquaintance with these words【C13】______not from our mother's【C14】______or from the talk of our school-mates,【C15】______from books that we read, lectures that we【C16】______, or the more【C17】______conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular【C18】______in a style. appropriately elevated above the habitual【C19】______everyday life. Such words【C20】______"learned", and the distinction between them and the "popular" words is of great importance to a right understanding of linguistic process.

【C1】

A．at

B．with

C．by

D．through