When we insert transitional words into the outline, which we are going to use to make the oral report, we actuallytry to achieve coherence with the help of cohesive features.

The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. The argument has been going since at least 【M1】______ the first century B.C.Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writers favoured certain kind of "free" translation: the spirit, not the 【M2】______ letter; the sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter【M3】______ not the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who 【M4】______ wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of the 【M5】______ 19th century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language was 【M6】______ entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible 【M7】______ gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must【M8】______ be as literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the 【M9】______ extreme "literalists" Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov. The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, the nature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed.Too often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified with each other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains.【M10】______

【M1】

听力原文： In England everything in the other way is round.

On the Continent learned persons love to quote Aristotle, Horace, Montaigne and show off their knowledge; in England only uneducated people show off their knowledge, nobody quotes Latin and Greek authors in the course of a conversation, unless he has never read them.

On the Continent almost every nation whether little or great has openly declared at one time or another that it is superior to all other nations; the English fight heroic wars to combat these dangerous ideas without ever mentioning which is really the most superior race in the world. Continental people are sensitive; the English take everything with a sense of humour—they are only offended if you tell them that they have no sense of humour. On the Continent the population consists of a small percentage of criminals, a small percentage of honest people and the rest is a vague transition between the two; in England you find a small percentage of criminals and the rest are honest people. On the other hand, people on the Continent either tell you the truth or lie ;in England they hardly ever lie, but they would not dream of telling you the truth.

Many continentals think life is a game; the English think cricket is a game.

(33)

A．No, because he has never read them.

B．No, except in the case that he has never read them.

C．No, except in the case that he really likes them.

D．No, because he does not like them.

One of the things young people find irritating is listening to their parents going on and on about how everything was less commercialized when they were kids. The complaint often heard from people over 35 refers to commercialization in the music industry.

Every time another girl band or boy band appears, this older generation criticizes the new group for being artificial, for not being genuine, dedicated musicians or singers. They claim that all pop groups in the 60's and the 70's were true artists, dedicated only to their music, and then suddenly big business took control.【65】.

Older people who get nostalgic about the good old days of music, before manufactured music groups in the 1990's, should be reminded of The Archies. The Archies made no pretense of being a real band in the first place.【66】But this didn't step them from having a number one hit with a song called "Sugar Sugar", which topped the charts for four weeks in 1969.【67】Four young men answered an ad for "four folk and rock musicians to appear in a TV series" and were then packaged as The Monkees. From the outset, it was made clear that The Monkees were hired to be television actors first and musicians second. The group wouldn't do much more than sing although the series would give the impression that they played their own instruments.

The Monkees were real and, to a certain extent, musical. They had a string of hits, some very" memorable.【68】The original material they would sing in the series was written mostly by professional songwriters. How different to a group of real, talented individuals like The Beatles !

Well, not entirely. It is often forgotten today that the manager of The Beatles, Brian Epstein, gave them the distinctive "Beatle look" (Beatle jackets and Beatle hairstyles) and cleverly marketed their songs. If he hadn't done so, the band might never have had those early hits.【69】.

Things have changed dramatically in the music industry. Managers play an important role in deciding what kind of music will appeal to specific target groups and then find singers and musicians able to produce it. For the last fifty years, pop singers and groups have had managers who shaped them in an attempt to make their records big hits.【70】.

A. It must be obvious that this is a complete exaggeration; the music industry has always acted this way.

B. Which is hardly surprising, since the music industry is just that: all industry, aiming like all industries to make a profit?

C. Their music was performed by animated TV cartoon characters.

D. And then they would not have become the most influential rock band of the 20th century.

E. That decade also saw an American group appear that was a blatant attempt to copy the success of The Beatles.

F. However, they didn't write any of their own material, and their manager created every aspect of their show.

G. However, it's not true that everyone in the music business in the old days was an amateur who simply loved music.

(60)

In the long run a government will always encroach upon freedom to the extent to which it has the power to do so. This is almost a natural law of politics, since, whatever the intentions of the men who exercise political power, the sheer momentum of government leads to a constant pressure upon the liberties of the citizen. But in many countries society has responded by throwing up its own defenses in the shape of social classes or organized corporations which, enjoying economic power and popular support, have been able to set limits to the scope of action of the executive. Such, for example, in England was the origin of all our liberties--won from government by the stand first of the feudal nobility, then of churches and political parties, and latterly of trade unions, commercial organizations, and the societies for promoting various causes. Even in European lands which were arbitrarily ruled, the powers of the monarchy, though absolute in theory, were in their exercise. checked in a similar fashion. Indeed the fascist dictatorships of today are the first truly tyrannical governments which western Europe has known for centuries, and they have been rendered possible only because on coming to power they destroyed all forms of social organization which were in any way rivals to the state.

The main idea of this paragraph is best expressed as ______.

A．limited powers of monarchies

B．the ideal of liberal government

C．functions of trade unions

D．safeguards of individual liberty

In the long run a government will always encroach upon freedom to the extent to which it has the power to do so. This is almost a natural law of politics, since, whatever the intentions of the men who exercise political power, the sheer momentum of government leads to a constant pressure upon the liberties of the citizen. But in many countries society has responded by throwing up its own defenses in the shape of social classes or organized corporations which, enjoying economic power and popular support, have been able to set limits to the scope of action of the executive. Such, for example, in England was the origin of all our liberties--won from government by the stand first of the feudal nobility, then of churches and political parties, and latterly of trade unions, commercial organizations, and the societies for promoting various causes. Even in European lands which were arbitrarily ruled, the powers of the monarchy, though absolute in theory, were in their exercise. checked in a similar fashion. Indeed the fascist dictatorships of today are the first truly tyrannical governments which western Europe has known for centuries, and they have been rendered possible only because on coming to power they destroyed all forms of social organization which were in any way rivals to the state.

The main idea of this paragraph is best expressed as ______.

A．limited powers of monarchies

B．the ideal of liberal government

C．functions of trade unions

D．safeguards of individual liberty

When 27 years of age, Burns first attracted literary attention, and in the same moment sprang to the first place in Scottish letters. In despair over his poverty and personal habits, he resolved to emigrate to Jamaica, and gathered a few of his early poems, hoping to sell them for enough to pay the expenses of his journey. The result was the famous Kilmarnock Edition of the Poetical Works of Robert Burns, published in 1786, for which he was offered 20 pounds. It is said that he even; bought his ticket, and on the night before the ship sailed wrote his Farewell to Scotland, which he intended to his last song on Scottish soil.

In the morning he changed his mind, led partly by the dim foreshadowing of the result of his literary adventure for the little book caught all Scotland by storm. Not only scholars, literary men, but even cowboys and maid servants, eagerly spent their hard earned shillings for the new book. Instead of going to America, the young poet hurried to Edinburgh to arrange for another edition of his work. His journey was a constant success, and in the capital he was welcomed and feasted by the best of Scottish society. This unexpected triumph lasted only one winter. Burns' extreme fondness for a fast life shocked his cultured entertainers, and when he returned to Edinburgh next winter, he received scant attention. He left the capital and went back in disappointment to the soil, where he was more at home.

Burns had the first edition of his poems published because______.

A．he could not bear the temptation of being famous

B．he thought that it would bring him a large sum of money

C．he felt like going to travel for pleasure

D．he needed money to go to another country