To date, most implementations of collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment （CPFR) have resulted in increased sales revenues and increased safety stock.

For centuries in Spain and Latin America, heading home for lunch and a snooze with the family was some thing like a national right, but with global capitalism standardizing work hours, this idyllic habit is fast becoming an endangered pleasure. Ironically, all this is happening just as researchers are beginning to note the health benefits of the afternoon nap.

According to a nationwide survey, less than 25 percent of Spaniards still enjoy siestas. And like Spain, much of Latin America has adopted Americanized work schedules, too, With shortened lunch breaks to one hour and requiring its employees to work their eight-hour shift between 7 a. m Before the mandate, workers would break up the shift--going home midday for a long break with the family and returning to work until about 9 or 10 p.m. The idea of siesta is changing in Greece, Italy and Portugal, too, as they rush to join their more "industrious" counterparts in the global market.

Most Americans I know covet sleep, but the idea of taking a nap mid-afternoon equates with laziness, un employment and general sneakiness. Yet according to a National Sleep Survey poll, 65 percent of adults do not get enough sleep. Numerous scientific studies document the benefits of nap taking, including one 1997 study on the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation in the journal Internal Medicine. The researchers found that fatigue harms not only marital and social relations but worker productivity.

According to Mark Rosekind, a former NASA scientist and founder of Solutions in Cupertino, Calif. , which educates businesses about the advantages of sanctioning naps, we're biologically programmed to get sleepy between 3 and 5 p. m. and 3 and 5 a.m. Our internal timekeeper-called the circadian clock--operates on a 24-hour rotation and every 12 hours there's a dip. In accordance with these natural sleep rhythms, Rosekind recommends that naps be either for 40 minutes or for two hours. Latin American countries, asserts Rosekind, have had it right all along. They've been in sync with their clocks; we haven't.

Since most of the world is sleep-deprived, getting well under the recommended eight hours a night (adults get an average of 6. S hours nightly), we usually operate on a kind of idle midday. Naps are even more useful now that most of us forfeit sleep because of insane work schedules, longer commute times and stress, In a study published last April, Brazilian medical researchers noted that blood pressure and arterial blood pressure dropped during a siesta.

In the second sentence of Para. 1, the underlined words "all this" refers to ______.

A．the habit of napping

B．the standardizing of work hours

C．the decline of the siesta tradition

D．the growth of global capitalism

The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with

A．the new book written by Fred Krupp

B．how America can fight against global warming

C．the harmful effects of global warming

D．how America can tide over economic crisis

According to Paragraph 2, which of the following statements is true?

A．Different rates of common cancers in different regions result from different lifestyles.

B．The rate of several extremely common cancers in the U. S. is higher by 1/10 or 1/20.

C．People who migrate to the United States have high cancer rates after a generation.

D．If people out of the western world stay at home, their risk of cancer won"t rise.

American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing, the Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John Me Whorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960 scounter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.

But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing", has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative gene is the only form. that could claim real liveliness, in both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.

Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.

Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms—he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china". A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.

According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English ______.

A．is inevitable in radical education reforms.

B．is but all too natural in language development.

C．has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.

D．brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.

Like most other US college students，Eric Rogers knows that submitting a term paper taken off the Internet is plagiarism and cause for suspension or a failing grade.

What about using a paragraph? "Just a paragraph?" he said. "Taking a paragraph and changing words，I&39;ve done that before;it wasn&39;t a big deal，"he decided finally. "As long as I can manipulate it to be my words，change a few，it&39;s not cheating."

Under the honour code he signed when he entered Duke University last year，it is. But for many college students，the once-clear lines that define cheating have faded. Some colleges and universities have resorted to sophisticated search engines to ferret out cheats. But an increasing number is turning to something decidedly more low-tech: their honour codes. Some campuses are adopting codes for the first time. Others，among them Duke，acknowledging that their codes have existed mostly in name only，are rewriting and more aggressively enforcing them.

Cheating has become so common，experts say，that it often goes unreported and unpunished. Surveys show not only that there is more cheating these days but also that students and teachers alike have become more accepting of some practices once considered out of bounds. One such survey was performed for the Centre for Academic Integrity，an organization based at Duke that helps create honour codes. In that survey，27 per cent of students questioned during the 2001-2 academic year said that falsifying laboratory data happened "often or very often" on campus.

The new honour codes aim to punish more while also forcing students and faculty members to think about the kinds of offenses that constitute cheating. At large universities and small liberal arts colleges alike，educators talk about restoring a "culture of honour."

"It&39;s a psychological effect: if people expect you to be honourable，you are more likely to respond with honourable behavior，"said Nannerl O.Keohane，the president of Duke.

At Duke，a new "community standard" for academic integrity will take effect next fall.

Under it，the faculty will no longer have to proctor exams，but students will face punishment if they see cheating and do not report it. Faculty members will have greater power to discipline first-time cheats，authority that the university hopes will encourage them to confront offenders.

Questions:

1. How to find student cheats?

2. It can be inferred from the passage that one of the students&39; honour codes might be "__________".

3. The phrase "out of bounds" probably means __________ .

4. What is the main idea of the passage?