Transportation accounts for approximately ____ of all petroleum consumption in the United States

听力原文： The territorial growth in the United States was followed by great industrial expansion. The country was rich in natural resources. A constant flow of immigration provided the labor force necessary to develop these resources. New industries were started. Chicago, St. Louis, and Detroit grew from small towns to large cities. The Unites States became the greatest industrial country in the world.

Detroit's growth has been typical of these new American cities. Situated on the Detroit River close to the Great Lakes, it had the geographical advantages necessary for industrial growth. Factories for manufacture of bicycles and wagon bodies were established there. With the coming of the automobile, these factories were convened into automobile plants. The American system of mass production was introduced. The industry grew and Detroit grew with it.

Detroit today is the fifth largest city in the Unites States. Four Detroit automobile companies produce 96 percent of all American cars. Twenty thousand of these cars roll off Detroit assembly lines each day. Some of the factories there never stop. They have three groups or "shifts" of workers. Each shift works eight hours and is relieved by a new shift, making all together a twenty-four-hour day. So it is that Detroit has been called "The City of Three Shifts." As a result, in the Ford plant it is possible to build an entire car in less than twenty-eight hours. In little more than a day, pure iron ore can be converted into a shiny new car of the latest model.

What is the main topic of the talk?

A．The growth of Detroit as an industrial city.

B．Detroit, the fifth largest city in the U. S. A.

C．The geographical advantages of Detroit.

D．The car industry in the U. S. A.

听力原文： The territorial growth in the United States was followed by great industrial expansion. The country was rich in natural resources. A constant flow of immigration provided the labor force necessary to develop these resources. New industries were started. Chicago, St. Louis, and Detroit grew from small towns to large cities. The United States became the greatest industrial country in the world.

Detroit's growth has been typical of the new American cities. Situated on the Detroit River close to the Great Lakes, it had the geographical advantages necessary for industrial growth. Factories for manufacture of bicycles and wagon bodies were established there. With the coming of the automobile, these factories were converted into automobile plants. The American system of mass production was introduced. The industry grew and Detroit grew with it.

Detroit today is the fifth greatest city in the United States. Four Detroit automobile companies produce 96 percent of all American cars. Twenty thousand of these cars roll off Detroit assembly lines each day. Some of the factories there never stop. They have three groups or "shifts" of workers. Eachshift works eight hours and relieved by a new shift, making all together a twenty-four-hour day. So it is that Detroit has been called "The City of Three Shifts." As a result, in the Ford plant it is possible to build an entire car in less than twenty-eight hours. In little more than a day, pure iron ore can be converted into a shiny new car of the latest model.

(33)

A．The growth of Detroit as an industrial city.

B．Detroit, the fifth largest city in the U.S.A.

C．The geographical advantages of Detroit.

D．The Car industry in the U. S. A.

听力原文： Shell Group says so far it has invested over 1.6 billion USD in China. The figure will soar to 5 billion within the next few years. Shell said the energy resource supply of China will double around 2020. The country will need more foreign capital for upstream petroleum products, and natural gas projects. Shell is quite willing to take part in the projects. Shell plans to cooperate with PetroChina in the west-east gas transmission project. The total investment will reach USD 8 billion. Shell cooperated with China National Offshore Oil last year in Nanhai Petroleum Chemical project.

How much has Shell invested in China so far?

A．1.6 billion USD

B．1.6 million USD

C．5 billion USD

D．5 million USD

With the rise of the great metropolis (大都市) in the industrial era, city planning in the West passed out of the hands of the architect and into the hands of the technical expert. Unlike the architect who thought of the city as a work of art to be built up with an eye toward beauty, the technical expert has always taken a purely functional approach to city planning; the city exists for the sole purpose of serving the needs of its inhabitants. Its outward appearance has no intrinsic (本质的) value.

Over the span of a few centuries, this new breed of urban planner has succeeded in forever changing the face of the western city. A brief visit to any large metropolis is enough to confirm this fact. Even a casual observe could not fail to notice that the typical urban landscape is arranged along the lines of the tedious chessboard pattern, with its four-cornered intersections and long, straight and dull streets. Strict building codes have resulted in an overabundance of unsightly (难看的) neighborhoods in which there is only slight variation among structures. Rows of low concrete apartment houses and files of great steel and glass skyscrapers have almost completely replaced older, more personal buildings. Moreover, the lovely natural surroundings of many cities are no longer a part of the urban landscape. For the most part, the hills and rivers which were once so much a part of so many metropolitan settings have now been covered by thoughtless construction.

The lone bright spot amidst all of this urban blight (贫民区) has been the local park system, which is to be found in most western cities. Large, centrally located parks—for example, New York's Central Park or London's Hyde Park—and smaller, remote parks bring a measure of beauty to western cities by breaking up the man-made monotony. With their green grass, dense woods, and pleasant ponds, streams and waterfalls, local park systems also offer a lot of opportunities for city dwellers to rest or recreate, free of the intense burdens of urban life. if they have understood nothing else about the quality of life in urban areas, technical experts have at least had the good sense to recognize that people need a quiet refuge (避难所) from the chaotic bustle (忙乱) of the city.

The reference to "a purely functional approach to city planning" serves to ______.

A．demonstrate that architects and technical experts should cooperate

B．imply that architects are unconcerned about human comfort

C．show that technical experts have destroyed the natural beauty of cities

D．stress that architects and technocrats have different priorities

The love for Detroit has pushed all the following actions forward EXCEPT______.

A．car lovers felt nostalgia about its glorious past

B．urban planners engaged in finding the possible causes for its decline

C．artists produced art works showing the falling moral standards in Detroit

D．platforms for civic crowd-funding have been designed

Natural-gas Vehicles

Kermit the Frog once said, "It's not that easy bein' green." Although he wasn't referring to cars, his observation seems particularly appropriate for the auto industry today: Designing, developing and marketing "green" cars has not been an easy task, which is why gasoline-powered vehicles still rule the mad and fossil fuels still account for almost 75 percent of the word's energy consumption. As gasoline soar and concern over harmful emission mounts, however, cars that run on alternate fuel sources will become increasingly important. A natural-gas vehicle, or NGV, is the perfect example of such a car -- it's fuel- efficient, environmentally friendly and offers a relatively low cost of ownership.

Natural Gas Basics

The word "gas" is a confusing term because it is used to 'describe many different substances that are similar but not exactly the same. For example, the "gas" you put in your car is gasoline, one component of crude oil, or petroleum. Petroleum is a dark, sticky liquid mixture of compounds formed underground by the decay of ancient marine animals.

Natural gas also comes from the decay of ancient organisms, but it naturally takes a gaseous form. instead of a liquid from. Natural gas commonly occurs in association with crude oil. It is derived from both land plants and aquatic(水生的)organic matter and forms above or below oil deposits. It is often dissolved in crude oil at the high pressures existing in a reservoir. There are also reservoirs of natural gas, known as non-associated gas, that contain only gas and no oil.

Natural gas consists primarily of methane (沼气)and other hydrocarbon gases. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed only of the elements carbon and hydrogen. The hydrocarbons in natural gas are called saturated hydrocarbons because they contain' hydrogen and carbon bound together by single bonds.

Like gasoline, natural gas is combustible (易燃的), which means it can be used in a combustion engine like gasoline. But cars that could burn natural gas didn't appear on the scene until the 1930s.

From Field to Ford

We extract natural gas trapped in underground reservoirs by drilling wells into the earth. A modern well, equipped with diamond-studded drill bits, can drill to depths approaching 25,000 feet.

Throughout the 19th century, the use of natural gas remained localized because there was no way to transport large quantities of gas over long distances. In 1890, the invention of a leakproof pipeline coupling made it possible to transport gas miles from the source. Improvements in pipeline technology continued over the next two decades until long-distance gas transmission became practical. From 1927 to 1931, laborers constructed more than 10 major natural gas transmission systems in the United States, making natural gas a viable energy source for many applications. The oil shortages of the late 1960s and early 1970s brought renewed interest in natural gas as a fuel source, especially for automobiles.

Today, owners of natural-gas vehicles can fill up their cars at one of 1,300 fueling stations located in the United States. Honda also offers a personal natural gas pump to people who purchase its natural-gas- powered Civic. The pump uses a home's existing natural gas lines and can be installed for $ 500 to $ 1, 500.

Natural-gas Vehicle Design

Natural-gas vehicles use the same basic principles as gasoline-powered vehicles. In other words, the fuel ( natural gas in this case) is mixed with air in the cylinder of a four-storke engine and then ignited by a spark plug to move a piston(活塞) up and down. Although there are some differences between natural gas and gasoline in terms of flamability and ignition temperatures NGVs themselves operate on the same fundamental concepts as gasoline-powered vehicles.

Still, some modifications are required

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

What does Shell plan to do?

A．Shell plans to cooperate with PetroChina in Nanhai Petroleum Chemical project.

B．Shell plans to cooperate with PetroChina in the north-east gas transmission project.

C．Shell plans to cooperate with China National Offshore Oil in Nanhai Petroleum Chemical project.

D．Shell plans to cooperate with PetroChina in the west-east gas transmission project.

What Is Market?

The word market is used in a number of ways, There is a stock market and an auto- mobile market, a retail market for furniture and a wholesale market for furniture. One person may be going to the market; another may plan to market a product. What, then, is a market? A market may be defined as a place where buyers and sellers meet, goods or services are offered for sale, and .transfers of ownership occur. A market .may also be defined as the demand made by a certain group of potential buyers for goods or services. For instance, there is a farm market for petroleum products. The terms market and demand are often used interchangeably (可互换地) ; they may also be used jointly as market demand.

These definitions are not sufficiently precise to be useful to us here. For business purposes we define a market as people or organizations with wants (needs) to satisfy, money to spend, and the willingness to spend it. Thus in the market demand for any given product or service, there are three factors to consider--people or organizations with wants needs), their purchasing power, and their buying behavior,

We shall employ, the dictionary definition of needs: the lack of anything that is required, desired, or useful. We do not limit needs to the narrow physiological (生理的) requirements of food, clothing and shelter essential for survival. In our discussion the words needs and wants are used synonymously(同义地) and interchangeably. In a strict interpretation, however, needs would refer to such basic physiological requirements as food. clothing, and shelter, while wants .would be non-basic preferences. However, in our affluent ( 丰富的) society, little is to be gained by trying to differentiate (区分) between the two. Many of us would see as needs some items that are far beyond food, clothing and shelter.

第 16 题 Markets can be classified according to what is sold on a market and how goods are sold.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

听力原文：By graduation day, every student completing a petroleum engineering degree had already found a job. Starting salaries for undergraduate degree-holders range from $ 70,000 to $ 85,000.

(83)

根据以下材料，回答题

Car Crime

1、 A million motorists leave their cars filled up with petrol and with the keys in the ignition every day.The cars are sitting in petrol stations while drivers pay for their fuel.The Automobile Association（AA）has discovered that cars are left unattended for an average three minutes and sometimes longer as drivers buy drinks，sweets，cigarettes and other consumer items.With payment of credit cards becoming more and more common，it is not unusual for a driver to be out of his car for as long as six minutes，providing the car theft with a golden opportunity.

2、 For more than ten years there has been a big rise in car crime than in most other types of crimes. An average of more than two cars a minute are broken into or stolen in the UK. Car crime accounts for almost a third of all reported offenses with no signs that the trend is slowing down.

3、 Although there are highly professional criminals involved in car theft， almost 90 percent of car theft is committed by the opportunists. Amateur thieves are aided by our own carelessness. The AA recommends locking up whenever you leave the car and for however short a period. A partially open sunroof or window is a further come-on to thieves.

4、 There are many other traps to avoid. The AA has found little awareness among drivers about safe parking. Most motorists questioned made no efforts to avoid parking in quiet spots-just the places thieves" love. The AA advises，drives to park in places with people around-thieves don"t like audiences.

Paragraph 1 查看材料

A.Safe parking

B.Increase in car theft

C.Opportunities for non-professionals

D.Anti-theft organizations

E.Drivers" earelessness:a factor in promoting ear stealing

F.Car stealing mostly by professional criminals