What are the characteristics of ESP courses？

The Concept of Style. Style. may be defined as the characteristic manner of presentation of any art form. We distinguish between the style. of a novel and that of an essay, between the style. of a cathedral and that of a palace. The word may also indicate the creators personal manner of expression—the distinctive flavor that sets one artist apart from all others. Thus we speak of the literary style. of Dickens or Shakespeare, the painting style. of Picasso or Michelangelo, the musical style. of Bach or Mozart. We often identify style. with nationality, as when we refer to French, Italian, or German style; or with an entire culture, as when we contrast a Western musical style. with one of China, India, or some other region. It is the difference in the treatment of the elements of music that makes one musical work sound similar to or different from another. We have seen that western music is largely a melody-oriented art based on a particular musical system from which the underlying harmonies are also built. Relatively speaking, rhythm and meter in western music are based on simpler principles than are melody and harmony. Music of other cultures may sound foreign to our ears and sometimes out of tune because they are based on entirely different musical systems from which they derive their melodic material and many do not involve harmony to any great extent. One important factor in these differing languages of music is the way in which the octave is divided and scales are produced. Complex rhythmic procedures and textures set some world music apart from western styles, while basic formal considerations—such as repetition, contrast, and variation- bring music of disparate cultures closer. In short, a style. is made up of all the factors relating to pitch, time, timbre, and expression, creating a sound that each culture recognizes as its own. Since all art changes from one age to the next, one very important use of the word "style" is in connecting the various historical periods. The music of each world culture has its own style. periods. Focusing on the development of western music we will find that the concept of style. enables us to draw connections between musicians and their time, so that the musical work is placed in its socio-historical frame. No matter how greatly the artists, writers, and composers of a particular era may vary in personality and outlook, when seen in the perspective of time, they turn out to have certain qualities in common. Because of this, we can tell at once that a work of art—whether music, poetry, painting, sculpture, or architecture—dates from the Middle Ages or the Renaissance, from the eighteenth century or the nineteenth. The style. of a period, then, is the total art language of all its artists as they react to the artistic, political, economic, religious, and philosophical forces that shape their environment. (A)Scholars will always disagree as to precisely when one style. period ends and the next begins.(B)Each period leads by imperceptible degrees into the following one, dates and labels being merely convenient signposts.(C)The following outline shows the generally accepted style. periods in the history of western music.(D)Each represents a concept of form. and technique, an ideal of beauty, a manner of expression and performance attuned to the cultural climate of the period—in a word, a style! 350~600: Period of the Church Fathers 600~850: Early Middle Ages—Gregorian chant 850~1150: Romanesque period- development of the staff in musical notation, about 1 000 1150—1450: Late Middle Ages(Gothic period) 1450—1600: Renaissance period 1600—1750: Baroque period 1725—1775: Rococo period 1750—1825: Classical period 1820—1900: Romantic period 1890—1915: Post-Romantic and Impressionist period 1910- 20th century:

The word identify in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to______.

A．define

B．recognize

C．relate

D．orient

Which of the following is NOT the character of Einstein?

A．A brilliant curiosity about nature.

B．He hated the dull rules.

C．tic hated unimaginative spirit.

D．He taught himself geometry.

There is a question, however, that must be answered before this synthesis is attempted, namely, which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics? It is easy to be misled in this respect. Much of our social behavior. is automatic. Some may be instinctive, that is, organically determined, much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior. and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. Thus, a critical examination of what is generally valid for all humanity and what is specifically valid for different cultural types comes to be a matter of great concern to students of society. This is one of the problems that induces us to lay particular stress upon the study of cultures that are historically as little as possible related to our own. Their study enables us to determine those tendencies that are common to all mankind and those belonging to specific human societies only.

Another vista opens if we ask ourselves whether the characteristics of human society are even more widely distributed and found also in the animal world. Relations of individuals or of groups of individuals may be looked at from three points of view; relations to the organic and inorganic outer world, relations among members of the same social group, and what, for lack of a better term, may be designated as subjectively conditioned relations. I mean by this term those attitudes that arise gradually by giving values and meanings to activities, as good or bad, right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, purposive or causally deter mined. Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining of sustenance, protection against rigor of the climate, and geographical limitations of varied kinds. The relations of members among the same social group include the relation of sexes, habits of forming social groups and their forms. Obviously, these phases of human life are shared by animals. Their food requirements are biologically determined and adjusted to the geographical environment in which they live. Acquisition and storage of food are found among animals as well as in man. The need of protection against climate and enemies is also operative in animal society, and adjustment to these needs in the form. of nests or dens is common. No less are the relations between members of social groups present in animal life, for animal societies of varied structure occur. It appears, therefore, that a considerable field of social phenomena does not by any means belong to man alone but is shared by the animal world, and the questions must be asked: what traits are common to human and animal societies?

Our social behavior. is ______.

A．more based on learned reactions than natural tendency

B．more inherently determined than early impressed

C．more spontaneous than inborn

D．more based on inherent than constitutional behavior

There is a question, however, that must be answered before this synthesis is attempted, namely, which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics? It is easy to be misled in this respect. Much of our social behavior. is automatic. Some may be instinctive, that is, organically determined. Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that' we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior. and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. Thus, a critical examination of what is generally valid for all humanity and what is specifically valid for different cultural types comes to be a matter of great concern to students of society. This is one of the problems that induces us to lay particular stress upon the study of cultures that are historically as little as possible related to our own. Their Study enables us to determine those tendencies that are common to all mankind and those belonging to specific human societies only.

Another vista opens if we ask ourselves whether the characteristics of human society are even more widely distributed and found also in the animal world. Relations of individuals or of groups of individuals may be looked at from three points of view; relations to the organic and inorganic outer world, relations among members of the same social group, and what, for lack of a better term, may be designated as subjectively conditioned relations. I mean by this term those attitudes that arise gradually by giving values and meanings to activities, as good or bad, right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, purposive or causally determined. Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining of sustenance, protection against rigor of the climate, and geographical limitations of varied kinds. The relations of members among the same social group include the relation of sexes, habits of forming social groups and their forms. Obviously, these phases of human life are shared by animals. Their food requirements are biologically determined and adjusted to the geographical environment in which they live. Acquisition and storage of food are found among animals as well as in man. The need of protection against climate and enemies is also operative in animal society, and adjustment to these needs in the form. of nests or dens is common. No less are the relations between members of social groups present in animal life, for animal societies of varied structure occur. It appears, therefore, that a considerable field of social phenomena does not by any means belong to man alone but is shared by the animal world, and the questions must be asked: what traits are common to human and animal societies?

Which of the following statements is true: Our social behavior. is ______.

A．more based on learned reactions than natural tendency

B．more inherently determined than early impressed

C．more spontaneous than inborn

D．more based on inherent than constitutional behavior

There is a question, however, that must be answered before this synthesis is attempted, namely, which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics? It is easy to be misled in this respect. Much of our social behavior. is automatic. Some may be instinctive, that is, organically determined. Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that' we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior. and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. Thus, a critical examination of what is generally valid for all humanity and what is specifically valid for different cultural types comes to be a matter of great concern to students of society. This is one of the problems that induces us to lay particular stress upon the study of cultures that are historically as little as possible related to our own. Their Study enables us to determine those tendencies that are common to all mankind and those belonging to specific human societies only.

Another vista opens if we ask ourselves whether the characteristics of human society are even more widely distributed and found also in the animal world. Relations of individuals or of groups of individuals may be looked at from three points of view; relations to the organic and inorganic outer world, relations among members of the same social group, and what, for lack of a better term, may be designated as subjectively conditioned relations. I mean by this term those attitudes that arise gradually by giving values and meanings to activities, as good or bad, right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, purposive or causally determined. Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining of sustenance, protection against rigor of the climate, and geographical limitations of varied kinds. The relations of members among the same social group include the relation of sexes, habits of forming social groups and their forms. Obviously, these phases of human life are shared by animals. Their food requirements are biologically determined and adjusted to the geographical environment in which they live. Acquisition and storage of food are found among animals as well as in man. The need of protection against climate and enemies is also operative in animal society, and adjustment to these needs in the form. of nests or dens is common. No less are the relations between members of social groups present in animal life, for animal societies of varied structure occur. It appears, therefore, that a considerable field of social phenomena does not by any means belong to man alone but is shared by the animal world, and the questions must be asked: what traits are common to human and animal societies?

Which of the following statements is true: Our social behavior. is ______.

A．more based on learned reactions than natural tendency

B．more inherently determined than early impressed

C．more spontaneous than inborn

D．more based on inherent than constitutional behavior

What are the students going to use a tape recorder for?

A．To practice speaking slowly.

B．To record a voice from the television.

C．To play a speech by the professor.

D．To evaluate their own voices.

What are the most popular ESP courses in Britain?

[A] Courses for doctors.

[B] Courses for businessmen.

[C] Courses for reporters. .

[D] Courses for lawyers.

What are the most popular ESP courses in Britain?

A．Courses for doctors.

B．Courses for businessmen.

C．Courses for reporters.

D．Courses for lawyers.