Which hook is employed？ On January 8, 2011, the worst snowstorm in the history of my state paralyzed our area.

Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history hooks are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know【1】first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year;【2】we know all about the killers and destroyers. People think【3】them, so much so that on all the highest columns in the great cities of the world you will find the【4】 of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. And I think most people【5】that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of【6】countries and ruled over them as conquerors. It is just【7】they are, but they are not the most civilized. Animals【8】; so do savages (野蛮人); hence to be good at fighting【9】be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good; but it is not to be【10】. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most【11】—this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done—is not being civilized. People fight to【12】quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to【13】some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can【14】the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed【15】has won. And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been 【16】. For that is what going to war means; it means【17】that might is right.

That is what the story of mankind has【18】been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history,【19】millions of people were killed or disabled. And while today it is true that people do not fight and kill each other in the streets—【20】, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life—nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.

(1)

A．where

B．who

C．what

D．why

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT tree?

A．In the 1970s some writers have avoided showing violence and began to explore the criminal mind, and returned to the old style. of hooking the reader by slowly revealing a series of clues.

B．In the 1980s' crime novels, the increasing numbers of male investigators were smart and capable of dealing with dangerous situations.

C．MacDonald's stories about salvage expert Travis McGee shed light on the corruptions of modem life.

D．In the 1970s many American writers of detective fiction began to focus, at least in part, on their detective's personal life.

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?

A．In the 1970s some writers have avoided showing violence and began to explore the criminal mind, and returned to the old style. of hooking the reader by slowly revealing a series of clues.

B．In the 1980s' crime novels, the increasing numbers of male investigators were smart and capable of dealing with dangerous situations.

C．MacDonald's stories about salvage expert Travis McGee shed light on the corruptions of modern life.

D．In the 1970S many American writers of detective fiction began to focus, at least in part, On their detective' s personal life.

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?

A．In the 1970s some writers have avoided showing violence and began to explore the criminal mind, and returned to the old style. of hooking the reader by slowly revealing a series of clues.

B．In the 1980s' crime novels, the increasing numbers of male investigators were smart and capable of dealing with dangerous situations.

C．MacDonald's stories about salvage expert Travis McGee shed light on the corruptions of modem life.

D．In the 1970s many American writers of detective fiction began to focus, at least in part, on their detective's personal life.

Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Hooke and Huygens received the support from many scientists as Hooke was a leader of the Royal Society.

B．People changed their opinions of Newton simply because he had the theory of gravity published.

C．Tile quantum theory seems better than other theories so it is used most often to explain how light travels.

D．The quantum theory seems to be nearest in idea to that of Fresnel and Newton combined.

Biological Mimicry

The Invention of Velcro

After taking his dog for a walk one day in the early 1940s, George de Mestral, a Swiss inventor, became curious about the seeds of the burdock plant that had attached themselves to his clothes and to the dog's fur. Under a microscope, he looked closely at the hook-and-loop system that the seeds have evolved to hitchhike on passing animals and aid pollination, and he realised that the same approach could be used to join other things together. The result was Velcro, a product that was arguably more than three billion years in the making, since that is how long the natural mechanism that inspired it took to evolve.

Velcro is probably the most famous and certainly the most successful example of biological mimicry, or "biomimetics". In. fields from robotics to materials science, tech nologists are increasingly borrowing ideas from nature, and with good reason: nature's designs have, by definition, stood the test of time, so it would be foolish to ignore them. Yet transplanting natural designs into man-made technologies is still a hit-or-miss affair.

"Engineers depend on biologists to discover interesting mechanisms for them to exploit," says Julian Vincent, the director of the Centre for Biomimetic and Natural Technologies at the University of Bath in England. So he and his colleagues have been working on a scheme to enable engineers to bypass the biologists and tap into nature's ingenuity directly, via a database of "biological patents". The idea is that this database will let anyone search through a wide range of biological mechanisms and properties to find natural solutions to technological problems.

The Power of Biomimetics

Surely human intellect, and the deliberate application of design knowledge, can devise better mechanisms than the mindless, random process of evolution? Over billions of years of trial and error, nature has devised effective solutions to all sorts of complicated real-world problems. Take the slippery task of controlling a submersible vehicle, for example. Using propellers, it is incredibly difficult to make refined movements. But Nekton Research, a company based in Durham, North Carolina, has developed a robot fish called Madeleine that man oeuvres using fins instead.

In some cases, engineers can spend decades inventing and perfecting a new technology, only to discover that nature beat them to it. The Venus flower basket, for example, a kind of deep-sea sponge, has spiny skeletal outgrowths that are remarkably similar, both in appearance and optical properties, to commercial optical fibres, notes Joanna Aizenberg, a researcher at Lucent Technology's Bell Laboratories in New Jersey. And sometimes the systems found in nature can make even the most advanced technologies look primitive by comparison, she says.

The skeletons of brittle stars, which are sea creatures related to starfish and sea urchins (海胆), contain thousands of tiny lenses that collectively form. a single, distributed eye. This enables brittle stars to escape predators and distinguish between night and day. Besides having unusual optical properties and being very small-- each is just one twentieth of a millimetre in diameter —the lenses have another trick of particular relevance to micro-optical systems. Although the lenses are fixed in shape, they are connected via a network 0f fluid-filled channels, containing a light-absorbing pigment. The creature can vary the contrast of the lenses by controlling this fluid. The same idea can be applied in man-made lenses, says Dr Aizenberg. "These are made from silicon and so cannot change their properties," she says. But by copying the brittle star's fluidic system, she has been able to make biomimetic lens arrays with the same flexibility.

Another demonstration of the power of biomimetics comes from the gecko(壁虎). This lizard's ability to wal

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Human males living with their moms may not expect to have much luck hooking up this Valentines Day.【C1】______among the northern Muriqui monkeys, males that spend the most time around their mothers seem to get a(n) 【C2】______boost when mating time rolls around. The findings,【C3】______in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, suggest that females in some【C4】______may have evolved to play a critical role in their sons reproductive【C5】______. Karen Strier, the papers lead author and a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, says the paper "【C6】______" the socalled grandmother hypothesis, a【C7】______in which human females evolved to live past their prime reproductive years to spend more time【C8】______offspring. The research team observed and【C9】______genetic data from a group of 67 wild monkeys living in a protected reserve in Brazils Atlantic Forest: infants, mothers and possible fathers. They found that six out of the thirteen【C10】______males they studied spent more time around their mothers than would be expected by chance. These same six monkeys, on【C11】______, reproduced the greatest number of【C12】______. The investigators are still trying to【C13】______why. "Its not until we see moms intervening and helping their sons out," Strier says. "Maybe【C14】______sitting near their moms, they get to see when females are【C15】______active, or maybe they just get more familiar with other【C16】______." The findings can【C17】______with future conservation efforts for the critically【C18】______animals. Strier says, "the【C19】______thing we would want to do is【C20】______a male out of the group where it was born."

【C1】

A．But

B．When

C．If

D．And