The Chartist Movement was possibly the first mass labor movement in the world.

The single greatest shift in the history of mass-communication technology occurred in the 15th century and was well described by Victor Hugo in a famous chapter of Notre-Dame de Paris. It was a Cathedral. On all parts of the giant building, statuary and stone representations of every kind, combined with huge widows of stained glass, told the stories of the Bible and the saints, displayed the intricacies of Christian theology, adverted to the existence of highly unpleasant demonic winged creatures, referred diplomatically to the majesties of political power, and in addition, by means of bells in bell towers, told time for the benefit of all of Pairs and much of France. It was an awesome engine of communication.

Then came the transition to something still more awesome. The new technology of mass communication was portable, could sit on your table, and was easily replicable, and yet, paradoxically, contained more information, more systematically presented, than even the largest of cathedrals. It was the printed book. Though it provided no bells and could not tell time, the over-all superiority of the new invention was unmistakable.

In the last ten or twenty years, we have been undergoing a more or less equivalent shift—this time to a new life as a computer-using population. The gain in portability, capability, ease, orderliness, accuracy, reliability, and information-storage over anything achievable by pen scribbling, typewriting, and cabinet filing is recognized by all. The progress for civilization is undeniable and, plainly, irreversible. Yet, just as the book's triumph over the cathedral divided people into two groups, one of which prospered, while the other lapsed into gloom, the computer's triumph has also divided the human race.

You have only to bring a computer into a room to see that some people begin at once to buzz with curiosity and excitement, sit down to conduct experiments, ooh and ah at the boxes and beeps, and master the use of the computer or a new program as quickly as athletes playing a delightful new game. But how difficult it is—how grim and frightful! —for the other people, the defeated class, whose temperament does not naturally respond to computers. The machine whirrs and glows before them and their faces twitch. They may be splendidly educated, as measured by book-reading, yet their instincts are all wrong, and no amount of manual-studying and mouse-clicking will make them right. Computers require a sharply different set of aptitudes, and, if the aptitudes are missing, little can be done, and misery is guaranteed.

Is the computer industry aware that computers have divided mankind into two new, previously unknown classes, the computer personalities and the non-computer personalities? Yes, the industry knows this. Vast sums have been expended in order to adapt the computer to the limitations of non-computer personalities. Apple's Macintosh, with its zooming animations and pull-down menus and little pictures of life folders and watch faces and trash cans, pointed the way. Such seductions have soothed the apprehensions of a certain number of the computer-averse. This spring, the computer industry's efforts are reaching a culmination of sorts. Microsoft, Bill Gates' giant corporation, is to bring out a program package called Microsoft Bob, designed by Mr Gates' wife, Melinda French, and intended to render computer technology available even to people who are openly terrified of computers. Bob's principle is to take the several tasks of operating a computer, rename them in a folksy style, and assign to them the images of an ideal room in ideal home, with furniture and bookshelves, and with chummy cartoon helpers ("Friends of Bod") to guide the computer user over the rough spots, and, in that way, simulate an atmosphere that feels nothing like computers.

According to this passage, which of the following statements is NOT True?

A．It is because the Cathedral of Norte-Dame in Paris had many bell-towers and could tell time to people that the writer regards it as an engine of mass communication.

B．From Cathedrals to books to computers the technology of communication has become more convenient, reliable and fast.

C．Every time when a new communication means triumphed over the old, it divided mankind into two groups.

D．Computer industry has been trying hard to make people accept computers.

Organic food: Why?

1. Europeis now the biggest market for organic food in the world, expanding by 25percent a year over the past 10 years. So what is the attraction of organicfood for some people? The really important. thing is that organic sounds more"natural". Eating organic is a way of defining oneself as natural,good, caring, different from the junk-food-eating masses.

2. Unlike conventionalfarming, the organic approach means farming with natural, rather than man-made,fertilisers and pesticides. Techniques such as crop rotation(轮种)improve soil qualityand help organic farmers compensate for the absence of man-made chemicals. As amethod of food produc- tion, organic is, however, inefficient in its use oflabour and land; there are severe limits to how much food can be produced.Also, the environmental benefits of not using artificial fertilisers are tinycom- pared with the amount of carbon dioxide emitted(排放)by transportingfood.

3. Organic farming is oftenclaimed to be safer than conventional farming. Yet studies into organic farmingworldwide continue to reject this claim. An extensive review by the UK FoodStandards Agen- cy found that there was no statistically significant differencebetween organic and conventional crops. Even where results indicated there wasevidence of a difference, the reviewers found no sign that these differenceswould have any noticeable effect on health.

4. The simplistic claimthat organic food is more nutritious than conventional food was always likelyto be misleading. Food is a natural product, and the health value of differentfoods will vary for a number of reasons, including freshness, the way the foodis cooked, the type of soil it is grown in, the amount of sunlight and raincrops have received, and so on. Likewise, the flavour of a carrot has less todo with whether it was fertilised with manure(粪便) or something out of a plastic sack than with thevariety of carrot and how long ago it was dug up. 5. The notion that organic food is saferthan "normal" food is also contradicted by the fact that many of ourmost common food are full of natural toxins(毒素). As one research expert says : "People thinkthat the more natural something is, the better it is for them. That is simplynot the case. In fact, it is the opposite that is true: the closer a plant isto its&39;natural state, the more likely it is that will poison you. Naturally,many plants do not want to be eaten, so we have spent 10,000 years developingagriculture and breeding out harmful traits from, crops. "

Paragraph l

Paragraph 2

Paragraph 3

Paragraph 4

Techniques of organic farming help

There is no convincing evidence to

The weather conditions during the growth of crops

The closer a plant is to its natural state, the less suitable it is to

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Organic food: Why?

1. Europe is now the biggest market for organic food in the world, expanding by 25 percent a year over the past 10 years. So what is the attraction of organic food for some people? The really important thing is that organic sounds more "natural". Eating organic is a way of defining oneself as natural, good, caring, different

from the junk-food-eating masses.

2. Unlike conventional farming, the organic approach means farming with natural, rather than man-made, fertilisers and pesticides. Techniques such as crop rotation(轮种)improve soil quality and help organic farmers compensate for the absence of man-made chemicals. As a method of food produc-tion, organic is, however, inefficient in its use of labour and land; there are severe limits to how much food can be produced. Also, the environmental benefits of not using artificial fertilisers are tiny com-pared with the amount of carbon dioxide emitted(排放)by transporting food.

3. Organic farming ,is often claimed to be safer than conventional farming. Yet studies into organic farming worldwide continue to reject this claim An extensive review by the UK Food Standards Agency found that there was no statistically significant difference between organic and conventional crops. Even where results in-dicated there was evidence of a difference, the reviewers found no sign that these differences would have any noticeable effect on health.

4. The simplistic claim that organic food is more nutritious than conventional food was always likely to be misleading. Food &39;is a natural product, and the health value of different foods will vary for a number of rea-sons, including freshness, the way the food is cooked, the type of soil it is grown in, the amount of sunlight and rain crops have received, and so on Likewise, the flavour of a carrot has less to do with whether it was fertilised with manure(粪便) or something out of a plastic sack than with the variety of carrot and how long ago it was dug up .

5. The notion that organic food is safer than "normal" food is also contradicted by the fact that many of our most common food are full of natural toxins(毒素). As one research expert says:"People think that the more natural something is, the better it is for them. That is simply not the case. In fact,it is the opposite that is true: the closer a plant is to its natural state, the more likely it is that will poison you. Naturally, many plants do not want to be eaten, so we have spent 10,000 years developing agriculture and breeding out harmful traits from crops. "

Paragraph l _

??A.Main reason for the popularity of organic foodB.Description of organic faring C.Factors that affect food health value D.Testing the taste of organic food E.Necessity to remove hidden dangers form. foodF.Research into whether organic food is betteer??

Paragraph 2

??A.Main reason for the popularity of organic foodB.Description of organic faring C.Factors that affect food health value D.Testing the taste of organic food E.Necessity to remove hidden dangers form. foodF.Research into whether organic food is betteer??

Paragraph 3

A.Main reason for the popularity of organic foodB.Description of organic faring C.Factors that affect food health value D.Testing the taste of organic food E.Necessity to remove hidden dangers form. foodF.Research into whether organic food is betteer

Paragraph 4

??A.Main reason for the popularity of organic foodB.Description of organic faring C.Factors that affect food health value D.Testing the taste of organic food E.Necessity to remove hidden dangers form. foodF.Research into whether organic food is betteer??

Techniques of organic farming help _ .

??A.show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones B.be specially trained C.improve soil qualityD.poison youE.be eatenF.affect their nutritional content??

There is no convincing evidence to _ .

??A.show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones B.be specially trained C.improve soil qualityD.poison youE.be eatenF.affect their nutritional content??

The weather conditions during the growth of crops _ .

??A.show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones B.be specially trained C.improve soil qualityD.poison youE.be eatenF.affect their nutritional content??

The closer a plant is to its natural state, the less suitable it is to

??A.show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones B.be specially trained C.improve soil qualityD.poison youE.be eatenF.affect their nutritional content??

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

听力原文： The territorial growth in the United States was followed by great industrial expansion. The country was rich in natural resources. A constant flow of immigration provided the labor force necessary to develop these resources. New industries were started. Chicago, St. Louis, and Detroit grew from small towns to large cities. The United States became the greatest industrial country in the world.

Detroit's growth has been typical of the new American cities. Situated on the Detroit River close to the Great Lakes, it had the geographical advantages necessary for industrial growth. Factories for manufacture of bicycles and wagon bodies were established there. With the coming of the automobile, these factories were converted into automobile plants. The American system of mass production was introduced. The industry grew and Detroit grew with it.

Detroit today is the fifth greatest city in the United States. Four Detroit automobile companies produce 96 percent of all American cars. Twenty thousand of these cars roll off Detroit assembly lines each day. Some of the factories there never stop. They have three groups or "shifts" of workers. Eachshift works eight hours and relieved by a new shift, making all together a twenty-four-hour day. So it is that Detroit has been called "The City of Three Shifts." As a result, in the Ford plant it is possible to build an entire car in less than twenty-eight hours. In little more than a day, pure iron ore can be converted into a shiny new car of the latest model.

(33)

A．The growth of Detroit as an industrial city.

B．Detroit, the fifth largest city in the U.S.A.

C．The geographical advantages of Detroit.

D．The Car industry in the U. S. A.

听力原文： The territorial growth in the United States was followed by great industrial expansion. The country was rich in natural resources. A constant flow of immigration provided the labor force necessary to develop these resources. New industries were started. Chicago, St. Louis, and Detroit grew from small towns to large cities. The Unites States became the greatest industrial country in the world.

Detroit's growth has been typical of these new American cities. Situated on the Detroit River close to the Great Lakes, it had the geographical advantages necessary for industrial growth. Factories for manufacture of bicycles and wagon bodies were established there. With the coming of the automobile, these factories were convened into automobile plants. The American system of mass production was introduced. The industry grew and Detroit grew with it.

Detroit today is the fifth largest city in the Unites States. Four Detroit automobile companies produce 96 percent of all American cars. Twenty thousand of these cars roll off Detroit assembly lines each day. Some of the factories there never stop. They have three groups or "shifts" of workers. Each shift works eight hours and is relieved by a new shift, making all together a twenty-four-hour day. So it is that Detroit has been called "The City of Three Shifts." As a result, in the Ford plant it is possible to build an entire car in less than twenty-eight hours. In little more than a day, pure iron ore can be converted into a shiny new car of the latest model.

What is the main topic of the talk?

A．The growth of Detroit as an industrial city.

B．Detroit, the fifth largest city in the U. S. A.

C．The geographical advantages of Detroit.

D．The car industry in the U. S. A.

The road to controlling population growth in the 20th century was paved with good intentions and unpleasant policies that did not work, a new book argues an historian who grew up as the youngest of eight children might well be expected to approach the question of whether the world is overpopulated from an unusual angle. Matthew Connelly, a professor at Columbia University, dedicates his study of those who thought the planet had too many people and tried to do something about it to his parents, "for having so many children".

Yet, he assures the reader, it Was not his personal experience of large families that drew him to the subject. Mr. Connelly's mentor, Paul Kennedy of Yale University, believed it was necessary to look beyond great-power rivalries to understand the post-cold-war era. In 1994 the pair wrote an article for Atlantic Mouthly arguing that population growth in poor countries, increasing awareness of global economic inequality and the prospect of mass migration could lead to clashes between the West and "the rest".

When, years later, Mr. Connelly began his own book on population growth, he still thought of the topic as a way to offer a broader understanding of world security. He ended up writing a very different-and angry-book, one about people who looked at the human race reproducing itself and saw what a gardener sees when looking at a prize plant: something to be encouraged to bloom in some places and pruned in others.

As the world population soared, the population controllers came to believe they were fighting a war, and there would be collateral damage. Millions of devices were exported to poor countries although they were known to cause infections and sterility. "Perhaps the individual patient is expendable in the general scheme of things," said a participant at a conference on the devices organized in 1962 by the Population Council, a research institute founded by John [D] Rockefeller, "particularly if the infection she acquires is sterilizing but not lethal. "

Furthermore, statistical estimates suggest that as much as 90% of the reason that women have families of a particular size is simply because that is the number of children they want. Where women gained education and rights, birth rates fell. As with reproduction itself, for people to become less fruitful, desire must precede performance.

Which one of the following is NOT true about Matthew Connelly?

A．He is the youngest of 8 children in the family and grew up to be an historian.

B．He is expected to address the population problem from a different perspective.

C．His personal experience of large families is the reason why he wants to do research in population.

D．He wants to dedicate his research to his parents.

At the bottom of the world lines a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and, 31 recent times, unknown to man. 32 of the continent is a complete blank on our maps, A 1,000-mile stretch of the coastline has never been 33 by a ship. Man has explored, on foot, less than one per cent of its area. Antarctica differs fundamentally 34 the Arctic regions. The Arctic is an ocean, covered with d 35 ice and surrounded by the land masses of Europe, Asia, and North America. The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia c 36 , centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most u 37 water areas of the world—the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The continental ice sheet is more than two miles 38 in its center; thus the air over the Antarctic is much colder than it is 39 the Arctic regions. More than a million persons live within 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia—a region rich 40 forest and mining industries. Apart from a handful weather stations, within the same distance of the South Pole is not a single tree, industry or settlement.