Hawthorne has the view of "black vision", sin and intellectual's evil.

Write a composition of no less than 150 words, giving your views about Intellectual Dishonesty. You should describe the phenomenon first and then give some reasons and possible measures to take.

The Harlem Renaissance refers to the flowering of______cultural and intellectual life during the 1920s and 1930s.

A．African American

B．Hispanic

C．Native American

D．Jewish

For centuries Oxford has been at Britain's intellectual heart, perhaps the most prestigious among Europe's many ancient universities. Oxford has attracted students and scholars from all over the world who have gone on to achieve the highest positions in their countries. Alumni include numerous famous scientists, literary figures and overseas politicians.

As a place of learning Oxford's beginnings go back to the Middle Ages. Legend has it that Alfred laid its foundations at the end of the ninth century. Certainly by the 12th century scholars were teaching in the town and their fame had spread to the Continent, particularly to the Sorbonnes in Paris, then Europe's greatest centre of learning. A group of English scholars left the French capital in 1167 to settle in Oxford and the place became a magnet for students and teachers from all over Britain. Today Oxford is a large, busy city, but the ancient university buildings in the centre have remained largely untouched by the urban expansion.

While most old universities have modernised radically to accommodate their growing populations, Oxford has managed to expand while still preserving its traditional structure. The 36 existing colleges are independent, self-governing institutions operating under the umbrella of the University of Oxford.

The passage focuses on Oxford's______.

A．past and present.

B．modern development.

C．present and future.

D．traditional structure.

The universities have trained the intellectual pioneers of our civilization—the priests, the lawyers, the statesmen, the doctors, the men of science, and the men of letters. The conduct of business now requires intellectual imagination of the same type as that which in former times has mainly passed into those other occupations.

There is one great difficulty which hinders all the higher types of human effort. In modern times this difficulty has even increased in its possibilities for evil. In any large organization the younger men, who are novices. must be set to jobs which consist in carrying out fixed duties in obedience to orders. No president of a large corporation meets his youngest employee at his office door with the offer of the most responsible job which the work of that corporation includes. The young men are set to work at a fixed routine, and only occasionally even see the president as he passes in and out of the building. Such work is a great discipline. It imparts knowledge, and it produces reliability of character; also it is the only work for which the young men, In that novice stage, are fit, and it is the work for which they are hired. There can be no criticism of the custom. but there may be an unfortunate effect: prolonged routine work dulls the imagination.

The way in which a university should function in the preparation for an intellectual career, is by promoting the imaginative consideration of the various general principles underlying that career. Its students thus pass tutu their period of technical apprenticeship with their imaginations already practiced in connecting details with general principles.

Thus the proper function of a university is the imaginative acquisition of knowledge. Apart from this importance of the imagination, there is no reason why businessmen, and other professional men, should not pick up their facts bit by hit as they want them for particular occasions. A university is imaginative or it is nothing—at least nothing useful.

What is a basic requirement for work in all professions according to the passage?

A．Imagination.

B．Reliability of character.

C．Discipline.

D．Obedience to orders,

The demand for the security of intellectual property is helping drive the development of new technologies including digital signatures and（ ）．

The demand for the security of intellectual property is helping drive the development of new technologies including digital signatures and（ ）．

Some critics believe that the very concept of intellectual property is mistaken. Unlike physical property, ideas are non-rivalrous goods that can be used by many people at the same time without making them any less useful. The term "intellectual property" was widely adopted only in the 1960s, as a way to bundle trademarks, copyrights and patents. Those critics argue that today's rights are too strict and make the sharing of knowledge too expensive.

The paradox about intellectual property in IT and telecommunications is that it eases the exchange of technology and acts as a bottleneck for innovation at the same time. The whole system is in a stage of transformation. "Markets require institutions, and institutions take a long time to develop. Today, the institutions for a 'market for technology' are not well developed, and it is costly to use this market," says a specialist.

Ideas are to the information age what the physical environment was to the industrial one: the raw material of economic progress. Just as pollution or an irresponsible use of property rights threatens land and climate, so an overly stringent system of intellectual-property rights risks holding back technological progress. Disruptive innovation that threatens the existing order must be encouraged, but the need to protect ideas must not be used as an excuse for greed. Finding the fight balance will test the industry, policymakers and the public in the years ahead.

While the roots of social psychology lie in the intellectual soil of the whole western tradition, its present flowering is recognized to be characteristically an American phenomenon. One reason for the striking upsurge of social psychology in the United States lies in the pragmatic tradition of this country. National emergencies and conditions of social disruption provide special incentive to invent new techniques, and to strike out boldly for solutions to practical social problems. Social psychology began to flourish soon after the First World War. This event, followed by the great depression of the 1930s, by the rise of Hitler, the genocide of Jews, race riots, the Second World War and the atomic threat, stimulated all branches of social science. A special challenge fell to social psychology. The question was asked: How is it possible to preserve the values of freedom and individual rights under condition of mounting social strain and regimentation? Can science help provide an answer? This challenging question led to a burst of creative effort that added much to our understanding of the phenomena of leadership, public opinion, rumour, propaganda, prejudice, attitude change, morale, communication, decision- making, race relations, and conflicts of war.

Reviewing the decade that followed World War Il, Cartwright speaks of the "excitement and optimism" of American social psychologists, and notes "the tremendous increase in the total number of people calling themselves social psychologists." Most of these, we may add, show little awareness of the history of their field.

Practical and humanitarian motives have always played an important part in the development of social psychology, not only in America but in other lands as well. Yet there have been discordant and dissenting voices. In the opinion of Herbert Spencer in England, of Ludwig Gumplowicz in Austria, and of William Graham .Sumner in the United States, it is both futile and dangerous for man to attempt to steer or to speed social change. Social evolution, they argue, requires time and obeys laws beyond the control of man. The only practical service of social science is to warn man not to interfere with the course of nature (or society). But these authors are in a minority. Most social psychologists share with Comte an optimistic view of man's chances to better his way of life. Has he not already improved his health via biological sciences7 Why should he not better his social relationships via social sciences? For the past century this optimistic outlook has persisted in the face of slender accomplishment to date. Human relations seem stubbornly set. Wars have not been abolished, labour troubles have not abated, and racial tensions are still with us. Give us time and give us money for research, the optimists say.

Social psychology developed in the USA

A．because its roots are intellectually western in origin.

B．as a direct response to the great depression.

C．to meet the threat of Adolf Hitler and his policy of mass genocide.

D．because of its pragmatic traditions for dealing with social problems.

Physical recreation and intellectual activities are two important ways people usually take in their leisure time. Then which one is more preferable for you? Write a composition of about 400 words on the following topic:

1. Physical Recreation and Intellectual Activities

In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.

Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

Write your composition on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

?Present-day philosophers usually envision their discipline as an endeavor that has been, since antiquity, distinct from and superior to any particular intellectual discipline, such as theology or science. ?Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more generally, the nature of human knowledge, they believe, are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested. ?The basis for this view, however, lies in a serious misinterpretation of the past, a projection of modern concerns onto past events. ?The idea of an autonomous discipline called “philosophy,” distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out, on close examination, to be of quite recent origin. ?When, in the seventeenth century, Descartes and Hobbes rejected medieval philosophy, they did not think of themselves, as modern philosophers do, as proposing a new and better philosophy, but rather as furthering “the warfare between science and theology” . ?They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics. ?This link between philosophical interests and scientific practice persisted until the nineteenth century, when decline in ecclesiastical power over scholarship and changes in the nature of science provoked the final separation of philosophy from both. ?The demarcation of philosophy from science was facilitated by the development in the early nineteenth century of a new notion, that philosophy’s core interest should be epistemology, the general explanation of what it means to know something. ?Modern philosophers now trace that notion back at least to Descartes and Spinoza, but it was not explicitly articulated until the late eighteenth century, by Kant, and did not become built into the structure of academic institutions and the standard self-descriptions of philosophy professors until the late nineteenth century. ?Without the idea of epistemology, the survival of philosophy in an age of modern science is hard to imagine. ?Metaphysics, philosophy’s traditional core—considered as the most general description of how the heavens and the earth are put together—had been rendered almost completely meaningless by the spectacular progress of physics. ?Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the problem of knowledge, managed to replace metaphysics with epistemology, and thus to transform the notion of philosophy as “queen of sciences” into the new notion of philosophy as a separate, foundational discipline. ?Philosophy became “primary” no longer in the sense of “highest” but in the sense of “underlying”. ?After Kant, philosophers were able to reinterpret seventeenth-and eighteenth-century thinkers as attempting to discover “How is our knowledge possible?” and to project this question back even on the ancients. 1. Which of the following best expresses the author’s main point?

A、Philosophy’s overriding interest in basic human questions is a legacy primarily of the work of Kant.

B、Philosophy was deeply involved in the seventeenth-century warfare between science and religion.

C、The set of problems of primary importance to philosophers has remained relatively constant since antiquity.

D、The status of philosophy as an independent intellectual pursuit is a relatively recent development.