We can also create our own system of symbols and abbreviations.

A language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds, and which is used by a group of people for the purpose of communication.

Let's look at this【C1】______ in mom detail because it is language, more than anything else,【C2】______ distinguishes man from the rest of the【C3】______ world.

Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by【C4】______ of cries: for example, many birds utter【C5】______ calls at the approach of danger; monkeys utter【C6】______ cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure.【C7】______ these various means of communication differ in important ways【C8】______ human language. For instance, animals' cries do not【C9】______ thoughts and feelings dearly. This means basically that they lack structure. They lack the kind of structure that【C10】______ us to divide a human utterance into【C11】______ We can change an utterance 【C12】______ one word in it with 【C13】______ a good illustration of this is a soldier who can say, e.g., "tanks approaching from the north",【C14】______ who can change one word and say "aircraft approaching from the north" or "tanks approaching from the west"; but a bird has a single alarm cry,【C15】 ______ means "danger!"

This is why the number of【C16】______ that an animal can make is very limited: the great tit is a case【C17】______ point; it has about twenty different calls,【C18】______ in human language the number of possible utterances is【C19】______ It also explains why animal cries are very【C20】______ in meaning.

【C1】

A．classification

B．definition

C．function

D．perception

A language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds(语声), and which is used by a group of people for the purpose of communication.

Let's look at this【B1】in more detail because it is language, more than anything else,【B2】distinguishes man from the rest of the【B3】world.

Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by【B4】of cries: for example, many birds utter【B5】calls at the approach of danger; monkeys utter【B6】cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure.【B7】these various means of communication differ in important ways【B8】human language. For instance, animals' cries do not【B9】thoughts and feelings clearly. This means, basically, that they lack structure. They lack the kind of structure that【B10】us to divide a human utterance into【B11】.

We can change an utterance by.【B12】one word in it with【B13】: a good illustration of this is a soldier who can say, e.g., "tanks approaching from the north",【B14】who can change one word and say "aircraft approaching from the north" or "tanks approaching from the west"; but a bird has a single alarm cry,【B15】means "danger!"

This is why the number of【B16】that an animal can make is very limited., the great tit(山雀) is a case【B17】point; it has about twenty different calls,【B18】in human language the number of possible utterances is【B19】. It also explains why animal cries are very【B20】in meaning.

【B1】

A．classification

B．definition

C．function

D．perception

【R1】

A. DREAM OF FALLING DOW

N.

B. DREAM OF RUNNING HAR

D.

C. DREAM OF BEING PUSHED AWAY.

D. DREAM OF FLYING INTO THE AIR. DREAMS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN OUR LIVES. IF THEY CAN BE CORRECTLY EXPLAINED, WE CAN COME TO UNDERSTAND OURSELVES BETTER. HERE, WE LOOK AT FOUR COMMON DREAMS AND WHAT THEY POTENTIALLY SYMBOLIZ

E. 【R1】______ I CAN SEE THEIR LAUGHING FACES...LAUGHING AT M

E. BUT THEY AREN"T AS SMART. IF THEY WERE, THEY"D BE UP HERE FLYING WITH ME! THIS DREAM HAS BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONNOTATIONS(涵义). ON THE POSITIVE SIDE, THE DREAM MAY EXPRESS A STRONG DESIRE TO TRAVEL AND GET AWAY FROM EVERYDAY ROUTIN

E. IT CAN BE INTERPRETED AS A POWERFUL DESIRE TO ACHIEV

E. ON THE OTHER HAND, THIS DREAM CAN MEAN THE PERSON HAS A PROBLEM OR IS AFRAID OF SOMETHING AND THEY WISH TO ESCAP

E. THE DREAM COULD REPRESENT AN INFERIORITY COMPLEX(自卑情结), WHICH THE DREAMER ATTEMPTS TO ESCAPE FROM BY PUTTING THEMSELVES UP ABOVE OTHERS. 【R2】______ I"M MOVING FROM FAST NOW, BUT IT"S STILL BEHIND M

E. DOESN"T MATTER HOW FAST I GO, I STILL CAN"T ESCAP

E. ALTHOUGH THIS IS A TRADITIONAL SYMBOL OF HEALTH AND VITALITY(生命力)LIKE THE OTHER ONE, IT CAN ALSO SUGGEST THE DREAMER IS TRYING TO ESCAPE FROM DANGER. USUALLY, FEAR IS PROMINENT EMOTIO

N. BY RUNNING HARD, THE DREAMER CAN POSSIBLY ESCAPE THE THREAT. HOWEVER, THEY CAN ALSO STUMBLE(蹒跚)OR WORSE STILL STOP MOVING ALTOGETHER. THIS MAKES DREAM EVEN MORE TERRIFYING(恐怖的). ONE POSSIBLE INTERPRETATION SUGGESTS THAT THE DREAMERS ARE UNDER PRESSURE IN THEIR EVERYDAY LIF

E. 【R3】______ I"M SWEATING AND MY HEART IS BEATIN

G. I AM TRAPPED IN MY OWN BE

D. IN THIS DREAM, THE PERSON IS OFTEN STANDING ON A HIGH, EXPOSED PLACE SUCH AS ON THE TOP OF A TOWER, OR ON THE EDGE OF A CLIF

F. THE OVERWHELMING(强烈的)FEELING CHANGES FROM ANXIETY TO A LOSS OF CONTROL. THERE IS NOTHING TO STOP THE PERSON, AND THE FEELING AS THEY GO OVER THE EDGE CAN BE HORRIFYING REAL. FORTUNATELY, JUST BEFORE HITTING THE GROUND, THE DREAMER AWAKENS WITH A SENSE OF ENORMOUS RELIE

F. THIS DREAM SUGGESTS THAT THE DREAMER IS AFRAID OF LOSING CONTROL AND HAS A FEAR OF FAILURE OR EVEN DEAT

H. 【R4】______ THE WIND IS PUSHING ME AND I SLIP. THERE IS NOTHING I CAN DO, NOTHING I CAN HOLD ON TO. THIS SYMBOL IS ASSOCIATED WITH FEAR: SUDDENLY THE DREAMER LOSES ALL POWER OF MOVEMENT. THEY TRY HARD TO MOVE THEIR ARMS AND LEGS, BUT THEY SIMPLY CANNOT. FROZEN IN A TERRIFYING SITUATION WITH NO ESCAPE, THEY BECOME MORE AND MORE TERRIFIED AS THE SECONDS GO BY. ANOTHER FREQUENT CONTEXT FOR THIS DREAM IS FAILING TO DO SOMETHING IN PUBLIC, OFTEN SOMETHING WHICH YOU ARE NORMALLY VERY GOOD AT, SUCH AS YOUR JO

B. NOT ONLY IS THIS EXTREMELY EMBARRASSING, BUT IS ALSO SHOWS A DEEP-SEATED PHOBIA(恐惧)OF LOSING A JOB AND A LIVELIHOO

D.

【R2】

A. DREAM OF FALLING DOW

N.

B. DREAM OF RUNNING HAR

D.

C. DREAM OF BEING PUSHED AWAY.

D. DREAM OF FLYING INTO THE AIR. DREAMS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN OUR LIVES. IF THEY CAN BE CORRECTLY EXPLAINED, WE CAN COME TO UNDERSTAND OURSELVES BETTER. HERE, WE LOOK AT FOUR COMMON DREAMS AND WHAT THEY POTENTIALLY SYMBOLIZ

E. 【R1】______ I CAN SEE THEIR LAUGHING FACES...LAUGHING AT M

E. BUT THEY AREN"T AS SMART. IF THEY WERE, THEY"D BE UP HERE FLYING WITH ME! THIS DREAM HAS BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONNOTATIONS(涵义). ON THE POSITIVE SIDE, THE DREAM MAY EXPRESS A STRONG DESIRE TO TRAVEL AND GET AWAY FROM EVERYDAY ROUTIN

E. IT CAN BE INTERPRETED AS A POWERFUL DESIRE TO ACHIEV

E. ON THE OTHER HAND, THIS DREAM CAN MEAN THE PERSON HAS A PROBLEM OR IS AFRAID OF SOMETHING AND THEY WISH TO ESCAP

E. THE DREAM COULD REPRESENT AN INFERIORITY COMPLEX(自卑情结), WHICH THE DREAMER ATTEMPTS TO ESCAPE FROM BY PUTTING THEMSELVES UP ABOVE OTHERS. 【R2】______ I"M MOVING FROM FAST NOW, BUT IT"S STILL BEHIND M

E. DOESN"T MATTER HOW FAST I GO, I STILL CAN"T ESCAP

E. ALTHOUGH THIS IS A TRADITIONAL SYMBOL OF HEALTH AND VITALITY(生命力)LIKE THE OTHER ONE, IT CAN ALSO SUGGEST THE DREAMER IS TRYING TO ESCAPE FROM DANGER. USUALLY, FEAR IS PROMINENT EMOTIO

N. BY RUNNING HARD, THE DREAMER CAN POSSIBLY ESCAPE THE THREAT. HOWEVER, THEY CAN ALSO STUMBLE(蹒跚)OR WORSE STILL STOP MOVING ALTOGETHER. THIS MAKES DREAM EVEN MORE TERRIFYING(恐怖的). ONE POSSIBLE INTERPRETATION SUGGESTS THAT THE DREAMERS ARE UNDER PRESSURE IN THEIR EVERYDAY LIF

E. 【R3】______ I"M SWEATING AND MY HEART IS BEATIN

G. I AM TRAPPED IN MY OWN BE

D. IN THIS DREAM, THE PERSON IS OFTEN STANDING ON A HIGH, EXPOSED PLACE SUCH AS ON THE TOP OF A TOWER, OR ON THE EDGE OF A CLIF

F. THE OVERWHELMING(强烈的)FEELING CHANGES FROM ANXIETY TO A LOSS OF CONTROL. THERE IS NOTHING TO STOP THE PERSON, AND THE FEELING AS THEY GO OVER THE EDGE CAN BE HORRIFYING REAL. FORTUNATELY, JUST BEFORE HITTING THE GROUND, THE DREAMER AWAKENS WITH A SENSE OF ENORMOUS RELIE

F. THIS DREAM SUGGESTS THAT THE DREAMER IS AFRAID OF LOSING CONTROL AND HAS A FEAR OF FAILURE OR EVEN DEAT

H. 【R4】______ THE WIND IS PUSHING ME AND I SLIP. THERE IS NOTHING I CAN DO, NOTHING I CAN HOLD ON TO. THIS SYMBOL IS ASSOCIATED WITH FEAR: SUDDENLY THE DREAMER LOSES ALL POWER OF MOVEMENT. THEY TRY HARD TO MOVE THEIR ARMS AND LEGS, BUT THEY SIMPLY CANNOT. FROZEN IN A TERRIFYING SITUATION WITH NO ESCAPE, THEY BECOME MORE AND MORE TERRIFIED AS THE SECONDS GO BY. ANOTHER FREQUENT CONTEXT FOR THIS DREAM IS FAILING TO DO SOMETHING IN PUBLIC, OFTEN SOMETHING WHICH YOU ARE NORMALLY VERY GOOD AT, SUCH AS YOUR JO

B. NOT ONLY IS THIS EXTREMELY EMBARRASSING, BUT IS ALSO SHOWS A DEEP-SEATED PHOBIA(恐惧)OF LOSING A JOB AND A LIVELIHOO

D.

【R3】

A. DREAM OF FALLING DOW

N.

B. DREAM OF RUNNING HAR

D.

C. DREAM OF BEING PUSHED AWAY.

D. DREAM OF FLYING INTO THE AIR. DREAMS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN OUR LIVES. IF THEY CAN BE CORRECTLY EXPLAINED, WE CAN COME TO UNDERSTAND OURSELVES BETTER. HERE, WE LOOK AT FOUR COMMON DREAMS AND WHAT THEY POTENTIALLY SYMBOLIZ

E. 【R1】______ I CAN SEE THEIR LAUGHING FACES...LAUGHING AT M

E. BUT THEY AREN"T AS SMART. IF THEY WERE, THEY"D BE UP HERE FLYING WITH ME! THIS DREAM HAS BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONNOTATIONS(涵义). ON THE POSITIVE SIDE, THE DREAM MAY EXPRESS A STRONG DESIRE TO TRAVEL AND GET AWAY FROM EVERYDAY ROUTIN

E. IT CAN BE INTERPRETED AS A POWERFUL DESIRE TO ACHIEV

E. ON THE OTHER HAND, THIS DREAM CAN MEAN THE PERSON HAS A PROBLEM OR IS AFRAID OF SOMETHING AND THEY WISH TO ESCAP

E. THE DREAM COULD REPRESENT AN INFERIORITY COMPLEX(自卑情结), WHICH THE DREAMER ATTEMPTS TO ESCAPE FROM BY PUTTING THEMSELVES UP ABOVE OTHERS. 【R2】______ I"M MOVING FROM FAST NOW, BUT IT"S STILL BEHIND M

E. DOESN"T MATTER HOW FAST I GO, I STILL CAN"T ESCAP

E. ALTHOUGH THIS IS A TRADITIONAL SYMBOL OF HEALTH AND VITALITY(生命力)LIKE THE OTHER ONE, IT CAN ALSO SUGGEST THE DREAMER IS TRYING TO ESCAPE FROM DANGER. USUALLY, FEAR IS PROMINENT EMOTIO

N. BY RUNNING HARD, THE DREAMER CAN POSSIBLY ESCAPE THE THREAT. HOWEVER, THEY CAN ALSO STUMBLE(蹒跚)OR WORSE STILL STOP MOVING ALTOGETHER. THIS MAKES DREAM EVEN MORE TERRIFYING(恐怖的). ONE POSSIBLE INTERPRETATION SUGGESTS THAT THE DREAMERS ARE UNDER PRESSURE IN THEIR EVERYDAY LIF

E. 【R3】______ I"M SWEATING AND MY HEART IS BEATIN

G. I AM TRAPPED IN MY OWN BE

D. IN THIS DREAM, THE PERSON IS OFTEN STANDING ON A HIGH, EXPOSED PLACE SUCH AS ON THE TOP OF A TOWER, OR ON THE EDGE OF A CLIF

F. THE OVERWHELMING(强烈的)FEELING CHANGES FROM ANXIETY TO A LOSS OF CONTROL. THERE IS NOTHING TO STOP THE PERSON, AND THE FEELING AS THEY GO OVER THE EDGE CAN BE HORRIFYING REAL. FORTUNATELY, JUST BEFORE HITTING THE GROUND, THE DREAMER AWAKENS WITH A SENSE OF ENORMOUS RELIE

F. THIS DREAM SUGGESTS THAT THE DREAMER IS AFRAID OF LOSING CONTROL AND HAS A FEAR OF FAILURE OR EVEN DEAT

H. 【R4】______ THE WIND IS PUSHING ME AND I SLIP. THERE IS NOTHING I CAN DO, NOTHING I CAN HOLD ON TO. THIS SYMBOL IS ASSOCIATED WITH FEAR: SUDDENLY THE DREAMER LOSES ALL POWER OF MOVEMENT. THEY TRY HARD TO MOVE THEIR ARMS AND LEGS, BUT THEY SIMPLY CANNOT. FROZEN IN A TERRIFYING SITUATION WITH NO ESCAPE, THEY BECOME MORE AND MORE TERRIFIED AS THE SECONDS GO BY. ANOTHER FREQUENT CONTEXT FOR THIS DREAM IS FAILING TO DO SOMETHING IN PUBLIC, OFTEN SOMETHING WHICH YOU ARE NORMALLY VERY GOOD AT, SUCH AS YOUR JO

B. NOT ONLY IS THIS EXTREMELY EMBARRASSING, BUT IS ALSO SHOWS A DEEP-SEATED PHOBIA(恐惧)OF LOSING A JOB AND A LIVELIHOO

D.

听力原文： The flag, the most common symbol of a nation in the modem world, is also one of the most ancient. With a clear symbolic meaning, the flag in the traditional form. is still used today to mark buildings, ships and other vehicles related to a country.

The national flag as we know it today is in no way a primitive artifact. It is, rather, the product of thousands of years' development. Historians believe that it had two major ancestors, of which the earlier served to show wind direction.

Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats. Often strong winds would tear roofs from houses or cause high waves that endangered travelers. People's food supplies were similarly vulnerable. Even after they had learned how to plant grains, they still, needed help from nature to ensure good harvests. Therefore they feared and depended on the power of the wind, which could bring warmth from one direction and cold from another.

Using a simple piece of cloth tied to the top of a post to tell the direction of the wind was more dependable than earlier methods, such as watching the rising of smoke from a fire. The connection of the flag with heavenly power was therefore reasonable. Early human societies began to fix long pieces of cloth to the tops of totems before carrying them into battle. They believed that the power of the wind would be added to the good wishes of the gods and ancestors represented by the totems themselves.

These flags developed very slowly into modem flags. The first known flag of a nation or a ruler was unmarked: The king of China around 1000 B. C. was known to have a white flag carried ahead of him. This practice might have been learned from Egyptians even further in the past, but it was from China that it spread over trade routes through India, then across Arab lands, and finally to Europe, where it met up with the other ancestor of the national flag.

(33)

A．Development of the National Flag

B．Power of the National Flag

C．Types of Flags

D．Uses of Flags

Language and Communication

A language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds (语声), and which is used by a group of people for the purpose of communication.

Let's look at this(51)in more detail because it is language, more than anything else,(52)distinguishes man from the rest of the physical world.

Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by(53)of cries: for example, many birds utter(54)calls at the approach of danger; monkeys utter(55)cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure.(56)these various means of communication differ in important ways from human language. For instance, animals' cries do not(57)thoughts and feelings clearly. This means, basically, that they lack structure. They lack the kind of structure that(58)us to divide a human utterance into(59).

We can change an utterance by replacing one word in it with(60): a good illustration of this is a soldier who can say, e.g., "tanks approaching from the north",(61)who can change one word and say "aircraft approaching from the north" or "tanks approaching from the west"; but a bird has a single alarm cry,(62)means "danger!"

This is why the number of signals that an animal can make is very limited: the great tit (山雀) is a case(63)point; it has about twenty different calls,(64)in human language the number of possible utterances is limitless. It also explains why animal cries are very(65)in meaning.

A．classification

B．definition

C．function

D．perception

According to the passage, culture shock results from ______.

A．the sudden change of social atmosphere and customs

B．the sudden change of our daily habits

C．the sudden loss of our own signs and symbols

D．the discomfort that we feel when faced with a foreigner

We all know that programming language is the system of syntax, grammar, and symbols or words used to give instructions to a computer. Because computers work with binary numbers, first-generation languages, called machine languages, required the writing of long strings of binary numbers to represent such operations as add, subtract, and compare. Later improvements allowed octal, decimal, or hexadecimal representation of binary strings. It is difficult to write error-free programs in machine language; many languages have been created to make programming easier and faster. Symbolic, or assembly, languages-- second-generation languages---- were introduced in the early 1950s. They use simple mnemonics such as "A" for add or "M" for multiply, which are translated into machine language by a computer program called an assembler. An extension of such a language is the macro instruction, a mnemonic (such as "READ" ) for which the assembler substitutes a series of simpler mnemonics. In the mid-1950s, a third generation of languages came into use. Called high-level languages because they are largely independent of the hardware, these algorithmic, or procedural, languages are designed for solving a particular type of problem. Unlike machine or symbolic languages, they vary little between computers. They must be translated into machine code by a program called a compiler or interpreter. The first such language was FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), developed about 1956 and best used for scientific calculation. The first commercial language, COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), was developed about 1959. ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language), developed in Europe about 1958, is used primarily in mathematics and science, as is APL (A Programming Language), published in 1962. Pl/l (programming Language 1), developed in the late 1960s, and ADA (for Ada Augusta, countess of Lovelace, biographer of Charles Babbage), developed in 198 l, are designed for both business and scientific use. For personal computers the most popular languages are BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), developed in 1967 and similar to FORTRAN, and Pascal (for Blaise Pascal, who built the first successful mechanical calculator), introduced in 1971 as a teaching language. Modula 2, a Pacal-like language for commercial and mathematical applications, was introduced in 1982. The C language, introduced (1972) to implement the Unix operating system, has been extended to C ++ to deal with the rigors of object-oriented programming. Fourth-generation languages are nonprocedural. They specify what is to be accomplished without describing how. The first one, FORTH, developed in 1970, is used in scientific and industrial control applications. Most fourth-generation languages are written for specific purposes. Fifth-generation languages, which are still in infancy, are an outgrowth of artificial intelligence research. PROLOG (PROgramming Logic) is useful for programming logical processes and making deductions automatically.

Many other languages have been designed to meet specialized needs. GPSS (General Purpose System Simulator) is used for modeling physical and environmental events, and SNOBOL (String-Oriented Symbolic Language) and LISP (LISt Processing) are designed for pattern matching and list processing. LOGO, a version of LISP, was developed in the 1960s to help children learn about computers. PILOT (Programmed Instruction Learning, Or Testing) is used in writing instructional software, and Occam is a nonsequential language that optimizes the execution of a program’s instructions in parallel processing systems.

The 3rd generation of programming language shares all the following characteristics EXCETP _____.

A．it is used in designing software.

B．it is hardware-independent.

C．is should be translated into the computer language by software.

D．it is designed to solve some specific problem.

We all know that programming language is the system of syntax, grammar, and symbols or words used to give instructions to a computer. Because computers work with binary numbers, first-generation languages, called machine languages, required the writing of long strings of binary numbers to represent such operations as add. subtract, and compare. Later improvements allowed octal, decimal, or hexadecimal representation of binary strings. It is difficult to write error-free programs in machine language many languages have been created to make programming easier and faster. Symbolic, or assembly, languages—second-generation languages—were introduced in the early 1950s. They use simple mnemonics such as "A" for add or "M" for multiply, which are translated into machine language by a computer program called an assembler. An extension of such a language is the macro instruction, a mnemonic (such as "READ") for which the assembler substitutes a series of simpler mnemonics. In the mid-1950s, a third generation of Languages came into use. Called high-level languages because they are largely independent of the hardware, these algorithmic, or procedural, languages are designed for solving a particular type of problem. Unlike machine or symbolic languages, they vary little between computers. They must be translated into machine code by a program called a compiler or interpreter. The first such language was FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), developed about 1956 and best used for scientific calculation. The first commercial language, COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), was developed about 1959. ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language), developed in Europe about 1958, is used primarily in mathematics and science, as is APL (A Programming Language), published in 1962. P1/1 (programming Language 1), developed in the late 1960s, and ADA (for Ada Augusta, countess of Lovelace, biographer of Charles Babbage), developed in 1981, are designed for both business and scientific use. For personal computers the most popular languages are BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), developed in 1967 and similar to FORTRAN, and Pascal (for Blaise Pascal, who built the first successful mechanical calculator), introduced in 1971 as a teaching language. Modula 2, a Pacal-like language for commercial and mathematical applications, was introduced in 1982. The C language, introduced (1972) to implement the Unix operating system, has been extended to C++ to deal with the rigors of object-oriented programming. Fourth-generation languages are nonprocedural. They specify what is to be accomplished without describing how. The first one, FORTH, developed in 1970, is used in scientific and industrial control applications. Most fourth-generation languages are written for specific purposes. Fifth-generation languages, which are still in infancy, are an outgrowth of artificial intelligence research. PROLOG (PROgramming Logic) is useful for programming logical processes and making deductions automatically.

Many other languages have been designed to meet specialized needs. GPSS (General Purpose System Simulator) is used for modeling physical and environmental events, and SNOBOL (String-Oriented Symbolic Language) and LISP (LISt Processing) are designed for pattern matching and list processing. LOGO, a version of LISP, was developed in the 1960s to help children learn about computers. PILOT (Programmed Instruction Learning, Or Testing) is used in writing instructional software, and Occam is a nonsequential language that optimizes the execution of a program's instructions in parallel processing systems.

The 3rd generation of programming language shares all the following characteristics EXCETP

A．it is used in designing software.

B．it is hardware-independent.

C．is should be translated into the computer language by software.

D．it is designed to solve some specific problem.