A personally written message will have much more impact on your reader than a ready-made card.

More than forty thousand readers told us what they looked for in close friendships, what they expected【56】friends, what they were willing to give in【57】, and how satisfied they were【58】the quality of their friendships, the【59】give little comfort to social critics.

Friendship【60】to be a unique form. of【61】bonding. Unlike marriage or the ties that【62】parents and children, it is not defined or regulated by【63】. Unlike other social roles that we are expected to【64】as citizens, employees, members of professional societies and【65】organization—it has its own principle, which is to promote【66】of warmth, trust, love, and affection【67】two people.

The survey on friendship appeared in the March【68】of Psychology Today. The findings【69】that issues of trust and betrayal (背叛) are【70】to friendship. They also suggest that our readers do not【71】for friends only among those who are【72】like them, but find many【73】differ in race, religion, and ethnic (种族的) background. Arguably the most important【74】that emerges from the data,【75】, is not something that we found—but what we did not.

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A．on

B．of

C．to

D．for

More than forty thousand readers told us what they looked for in close friendships, what they expected【C1】______friends, what they were willing to give in【C2】______, and how satisfied they were【C3】______the quality of their friendships. The【C4】______give little comfort to social critics.

Friendship【C5】______to be a unique form. of【C6】______bonding. Unlike marriage or the ties that【C7】______parents and children, it is not defined or regulated by【C8】______. Unlike other social roles that we are expected to【C9】______-- as citizens, employees, members of professional societies and【C10】______organizations-it has its own principle, which is to promote【C11】______of warmth, trust, love, and affection【C12】______two people.

The survey on friendship appeared in the March【C13】______of Psychology Today. The findings【C14】______that issues of trust and betrayal(背叛)are【C15】______to friendship. They also suggest that our readers do not【C16】______for friends only among those who are【C17】______like them ,but find many【C18】______differ in race, religion, and ethnic(种族的)background. Arguably the most important【C19】______that emerges from the data,【C20】______, is not something that we found--but what we did not.

【C1】

A．on

B．of

C．to

D．for

More than forty thousand readers told us what they looked for in close friendships, what they expected【C1】______friends, what they were Willing to give in【C2】______, and how satisfied they were【C3】______the quality of their friendships. The【C4】______give little comfort to social critics.

Friendship【C5】______to be a unique form. of【C6】______bonding. Unlike marriage or the ties that【C7】______parents and children, it is not defined or regulated by【C8】______Unlike other social roles that we are expected to【C9】______--as citizens, employees, members of professional societies and【C10】______organizations--it has its own principle, which is to promote【C11】______of warmth, true love, and affection【C12】______two people.

The survey on friendship appeared in the March【C13】______of Psychology. The findings【C14】______that issues of trust and betrayal(背叛)are【C15】______to friendship. They also suggest that our readers do not【C16】______for friends only among those who are【C17】______"like them," but find many【C18】______differ in race, religion, and ethnic(种族的)background. Arguably the most important【C19】______that emerges from the data,【C20】______, is not something that we found--but what we did not.

【C1】

A．on

B．of

C．to

D．for

Credibility about messages is high, because they are reported in independent media. A newspaper review of a movie has more believability than an ad in the same paper, because the reader associates independence with objectivity. Similarly, people are more likely to pay attention to news reports than ads. Readers spend time reading the stories, but they flip through the ads. Furthermore, there may be 10 commercials during a half-hour television program or hundreds of ads in a magazine.

Feature stories are much fewer in number and stand out clearly. Publicity also has some significant limitations. A firm has little control over messages, their timing, their placement, or their coverage by a given medium. It may issue detailed news releases and find only portions cited by the media; and media have the ability to be much more critical than a company would like. For example, in 1982, Proctrer & Gamble faced a substantial publicity problem over the meaning of its 123-year-old company logo. A few ministers and other private citizens believed that the symbol was sacrilegious. These beliefs were covered extensively by the media and resulted in the firm receiving 15,000 phone calls about the rumor in June alone. To combat this negative publicity, the firm issued news releases featuring prominent clergy that refuted the rumors, threatened to sue those people spreading the stories, and had a spokesperson appear on Good Morning America. The media cooperated with the company and the false rumor were temporarily put to rest. However, in 1985, negative publicity became so disruptive that Procter & Gamble decided to remove the logo from its products.

A firm may want publicity during certain periods, such as when a new product is introduced or new store opened, but the media may not cover the introduction or opening until after the time it would aid the firm. Similarly, media determine the placement of a story; it may follow a report on crime or sports. Finally, the media ascertain whether to cover a story at all and the amount of coverage to be devoted to it. A company-sponsored jobs program might go unreported or receive three-sentence coverage in a local newspaper.

The author mentions all of the following advantages of publicity EXCEPT______.

A．having attentiveness

B．having no time costs

C．having high credibility

D．having high profitability

Another useful method for improving your reading is the ability to reflect on what is being presented. Readers ___46___ the material that they have read not simply to understand it, ___47___ to interpret, analyze, and critique this information. Readers use several different methods to help them reflect such as careful note – taking, synthesis ( 综合). And analysis.

Careful note – taking on your reading material ___48___ while you read. Pausing periodically to ___49__ about important claims or ideas, ___50___ details, or questions about unclear concepts. The act of note – taking will help you to reflect about the content of the document, and the notes you keep will ___51___ an archive that you can refer to in the future.

Synthesis is the ability to take what are ___52___ seeming irrelevant points and put them together into a meaningful, new whole. Synthesis may occur during your reading, or it may tale place after you have read a document in its entirety.

Analysis moves synthesis one step ___53___ , encouraging a reader to carefully examine thoroughly the points ___54__ , and how they are synthesized. After readers analyze a passage or a whole text, they ___55__ regarding the document, either generally agreeing or disagreeing with its message. (205 words)

46. A. study B. reflect on C. consider D. think

47. A. and B. but also C. moreover D. yet

48. A. must take place B. may start C. have to begin D. should occur

49. A. make note B. write note C. take notes D. keep note

50. A. relevant B. connected C. associated D. linked

51. A. act as B. serve as C. consider as D. regard as

52. A. firstly B. to begin with C. first hand D. at first

53. A. in advance B. farther C. further D. forwardly

54. A. to be made B. being made C. having made D. to make

55. A. take a position B. insist on C. consider D. hold the view

Low levels of literacy (读写能力) and numeracy (计算能力) have a damaging impact on almost every aspect of adult life. Tests and interviews with hundreds of people born in a single week in 1958【C1】______ the handicap of educational underachievement. The【C2】______ were seen in unemployment, family breakdown, low incomes, depression and social inactivity.

Those【C3】______ left school at 16 with poor basic skills had been employed for up to tour years less than good readers by the time they【C4】______ 37. Professor John Bynner, of City University, said that today's【C5】______ teenagers would【C6】______ even greater problems because the【C7】______ of manual jobs had dried up.

Almost one in five of the 1,700 people interviewed had poor literacy skills and almost half struggled with numeracy, a proportion【C8】______ other surveys for the Basic Skills Agency. Some could not read aloud from a child's book, and most found【C9】______ in following【C10】______ instructions.

Poor readers were twice【C11】______ likely to be on a low wage and four times as likely to live in a household where【C12】______ partner w9rked. Women in this position were five times as likely to be【C13】______ as depressed,【C14】______ both sexes tended to feel they had no【C15】______ over their lives, and to be less trusting of【C16】______

【C17】______ with low literacy and numeracy skills were【C18】______ involved in any community organization and much less likely than others to have voted in a general election. There had been no【C19】______ in the level of interviewees reporting problems since the【C20】______ was surveyed at the age of 21.

【C1】

A．provided

B．illustrated

C．perceived

D．assumed

I have been reading a lot on my iPad recently, and I have some【46】______ (complain) —not about the iPad itself but about the state of digital reading generally. Reading is a subtle thing, and its subtleties are artifacts of a venerable medium; words printed in ink on paper. Glass and pixels aren't the same.

When I read a physical book, I don’t have to look anywhere else to find out how much I’ve read. The iPad e-reader, iBooks, tries to create the【47】illu______of a physical book. The pages seem to turn, and I can see the edges of those.that remain, but it’s fake. There are always exactly six unturned pages, no matter【48】______ I am in the book.

Also, there is a larger problem. Books in their digital format look vastly less "finished, ”or less genuine than real books. You can vary their font and type size, but this only makes them【49】______ (resemble) word-processed manuscripts all the more. Your poems—no matter how【50】______ (wretch) or wonderful they are—will never look as good as Robert Hass’s poems in the print edition of The Apple Trees at Olema. But your poems can look almost exactly as ugly—as “e-book-like”—as the Kindle version of that collection.

All the e-books I’ve read have been ugly—books by Chang-rae Lee, Alvin Kernan, and Stieg Larsson—though the texts have been wonderful. I didn’t grow up reading texts. I grew up reading books, and this【51】______ (differ) is important.

When it comes to digital editions, the【52】______ (assume) seems to be that all books【53】are______(create) equal. However, nothing could be further from the truth. In the mass migration from print to digital, we' re seeing a profusion of digital books—many of them out of copyright—that look new and even “HD, ”but which may well have been supplanted by more accurate editions and better translations. We need a digital readers' guide—a place where readers can find【54】______whether the book they're about to download is the best available edition.

【55】Fi______, two related problems. I already have a personal library, but most of the books I’ve read have come from【56】______(lend) libraries. Barnes & Noble has released an e-reader that allows short-term【57】______(borrow) of some books. The entire idea behind Amazon’s Kindle and Apple’s iBooks assumes that you cannot read a book unless you own it first —and that only you can read it unless you want to give your reading device to someone else.

This goes against the social value of reading, the collective knowledge and【58】______ (collaborate) discourse that comes from access to【59】______ (share) libraries. This is not a good thing for readers, authors,【60】pub______or our culture in general.

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