Nonlinguistic context refers to almost everything but _______.

In almost every big university (大学)in the U.S.A, football is a favourite sport. American football is not like soccer. Players sometimes kick the hall, but they also throw the ball and run with it. They try to take it to the other end of the field(场地). They have four chances(机会)to move the ball ten yards(码). They can carry it or throw it. If they move it to other end of the field, they receive six points(分). This is called a touchdown(底线得分).

It is difficult to move the ball. Eleven men on the team try to stop the man who has the ball. If the man does not move the ball ten yards, his team kicks the ball to the other team.

Each university wants its team to win. Thousands of people come to watch. They all yell (喊加油)for their favourite team. Young men and women called cheerleaders (啦啦队长) come to help the people yell more.

Each team plays ten or eleven games. Each season begins in September and ends(结束) in November. If a team is very good, it may play another game after the season ends. The best teams play again on January 1, the first day of the New Year. Many people go to see these games and many others watch them on TV.

In American football players can ______.

A．only kick the ball

B．only throw the ball

C．only carry the ball

D．kick, throw and carry the ball

Plastics play animportant role in almost every aspect of our lives. Plastics are used tomanufacture everyday products such as beverage containers, toys, and furniture.The widespread use of plastics demands proper disposal of plastic waste.Plastics make up almost 13 percent of the urban solid waste stream, a dramaticincrease from 1960, when plastics were less than one percent of the wastestream. The largest category of plastics are found in containers and packaging(e.g. soft drink bottles, lids, shampoo bottles), but they are also found indurable (e.g. appliances, furniture) and nondurable goods (e.g. diapers, trashbags, utensils, and medical devices）. The recycling rate for different types ofplastics varies greatly, resulting in an overall plastic recycling rate of only8 percent, or 2.7 million tons in 2011.

Currently, the UShas the capacity to recycle plastics at a greater rate as a latest technologyhas come into being that helps in converting plastic waste disposal intoa good source of green fuel. A new process for turning plastics into fuel wasinvented. First, many different kinds of unwashed plastics are melted together.Then a special chemical is used to turn the fluid into a vapor（蒸汽）. Thisreduces the plastic to its most basic elements to make it have a high fuelvalue. It is tested that 86 percent of what goes in comes out as fuel. And 8percent of the recycled plastic is used to run the system. This technology willreduce the country’s dependence on foreign oil and theamount of plastic waste in its landfills（垃圾填埋场）．

Scientists sayplastic-to-oil technology is still new and developing. They say it is not yetknown if the process is environmentally friendly. And some question whetherturning plastics into oil can even be considered “recycling”.Carson Max is with the publication Resource Recycling, a magazine that reportson the plastic recycling industry. He says because there is a lot of plasticwaste and a great demand for oil, the recycling technology may create greatchanges in both industries. “So they’re getting value from something that would otherwise go to thelandfill, things that wouldn’t be accepted into a recycler.”

26. According to the article, the great increase in use ofplastic goods requires_______.

A. richer source of green fuel

B. more categories of durable plastics

C. faster development of plastic products

D. more efficient disposal of plastic waste

27. The word “converting” inParagraph 2 most probably means “_______”．

A. coloring

B. inventing

C. consuming

D. transforming

28. What will the plastic-to-oil technology result in?

A. Less dependence on imported oil

B. Increase in plastic waste

C. Production of more plastic goods

D.Disappearance of landfills

29. What is Carson Max’s attitude towards the plastic-to-oiltechnology?

A. Positive

B. Negative

C. Critical

D. Indifferent

30. What is the passage mainly about?

A. The important function of plastics in everyday life

B. The new technology of plastic waste disposal

C. The development of plastics industry

D. The categories of plastics

In almost every country, whenever people are asked what is the main problem with their brains, memory is their No. I answer.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

The(72)in e-mail messages has affected almost every computer around the world and has caused the damage of up to US$1 billion in North America．

A．illness

B．virus

C．weakness

D．attachment

In almost every big university (大学in the U.S.A, football is a favourite sport. American football is not like soccer. Players sometimes kick the ball, but they also throw the ball and run with it. They try to take it to the other end of the field(场地). They have four chances(机会)to move the ball ten yards(码). They can carry it or throw it. If they move it to other end of the field, they receive six points(分). This is called a touchdown(底线得分)

It is difficult to move the ball. Eleven men on the team try to stop the man who has the ball. If the man does not move the ball ten yards, his team kicks the ball to the other team.

Each university wants its team to win. Thousands of people come to watch. They all yell (喊加油) for their favourite team. Young men and women called cheerleaders (啦啦队长) come to help the people yell more.

Each team plays ten or eleven games. Each season begins in September and ends(结束) in November. If a team is very good, it may play another game after the season ends. The best teams play again on January 1, the first day of the New Year. Many people go to see these games and many others watch them on TV.

In American football players can ______.

A．only kick the ball

B．only throw the ball

C．only carry the ball

D．kick, throw and carry the ball

● The （72） in e-mail messages has affected almost every computer around the world and has caused the damage of up to US$1 billion in North America.

（72）

A. illness

B. virus

C. weakness

D. attachment

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

In the early 20th century, few things were more appealing than the promise of scientific knowledge. In a world struggling with rapid industrialization, science and technology seemed to offer solutions to almost every problem. Newly created state colleges and universities devoted themselves almost entirely to scientific, technological, and engineering fields. Many Americans came to believe that scientific certainty could not only solve scientific problems, but also reform. politics, government, and business. Two world wars and a Great Depression rocked the confidence of many people that scientific expertise alone could create a prosperous and ordered world. After World War II, the academic world turned with new enthusiasm to humanistic studies, which seemed to many scholars the best way to ensure the survival of democracy. American scholars fanned out across much of the world-—with support from, the Ford Foundation, the Fulbright program, etc. —to promote the teaching of literature and the arts in an effort to make the case for democratic freedoms.

In the America of our own time, the great educational challenge has become an effort to strengthen the teaching of what is now known as the STEM disciplines (science, technology, engineering, and math) . There is considerable and justified concern that the United States is falling behind much of the rest of the developed world in these essential disciplines. India, China, Japan, and other regions seem to be seizing technological leadership.

At the same time, perhaps inevitably, the humanities—while still popular in elite colleges and universities—have experienced a significant decline. Humanistic disciplines are seriously underfunded, not just by the government and the foundations but by academic institutions themselves. Humanists are usually among the lowest-paid faculty members at most institutions and are often lightly regarded because they do not generate grant income and because they provide no obvious credentials (资质) for most nonacademic careers.

Undoubtedly American education should train more scientists and engineers. Much of the concern among politicians about the state of American universities today is focused on the absence of "real world" education—which means preparation for professional and scientific careers. But the idea that institutions or their students must decidebetween humanities and science is false. Our society could not survive without scientific and technological knowledge. But we would be equally impoverished (贫困的) without humanistic knowledge as well. Science and technology teach us what we can do. Humanistic thinking helps us understand what we should do.

It is almost impossible to imagine our society without thinking of the extraordinary achievements of scientists and engineers in building our complicated world. But try to imagine our world as well without the remarkable works that have defined our culture and values. We have always needed, and we still need, both.

In the early 20th century American believed science and technology could______.

A．solve virtually all existing problems

B．quicken the pace of industrialization

C．help raise people's living standards

D．promote the nation's social progress