The Chinese people generally don’t like to eat animal’s internal organs because they think eating a particular organ of animals will do harm to the same organ of the human body.

A、vagina

B、uterus

C、fallopian tubes

D、ovaries

Eccentric people tend to form. into groups because ______.

A．they have no other friends

B．they want others to share their interests

C．they are good organisers

D．they feel they are misunderstood

Transplant surgeons work miracles. They take organs from one body and integrate them into another, granting the lucky recipient a longer, better life. Sadly, every year thousands of other people are less fortunate, dying while they wait for suitable organs to be found. The terrible constraint on organ transplantation is that every life extended depends on the death of someone young enough and healthy enough to have organs worth transplanting. Such donors are few. The waiting lists are long, and getting longer.

Freedom from this constraint is the dream of every transplant surgeon. So far attempts to make artificial organs have been disappointing: Nature is hard to mimic. Hence the renewed interest in trying to use organs from animals.

Doctors in India have just announced that they have successfully transplanted a heart from a pig into a person. Pressure to increase the number of such "xenotransplants" (异种移植) seem to be growing. In Europe and America, herds of pigs are being specially bred and genetically engineered for organ donation. During 1996 at least two big reports on the subject—one in Europe and one in America were published. They agreed that xenotransplantation was permissible on ethical grounds, and cautiously recommended they be allowed.

The ethics of xenotransplantation are relatively unworrying. People already kill pigs both for food and for sport; killing them to save a human life seems, if anything, easier to justify. However, the science of xenotransplantation is much less straightforward.

Import an organ from one animal to another and you may bring with it any number of infectious diseases. That much is well known. However, coping with this danger is not merely a matter of screening for obvious ills such as parasites. Many diseases that could harm humans may be both undetectable and harmless in their natural hosts. Diseases that have been dormant for years may suddenly become active if they find themselves in a new environment, such as a human recipient's body. After that, they may start to infect other people.

Despite transplant surgeons' work, every year many people die because______.

A．they are unlucky patients

B．organ transplantation is unreliable

C．there are not enough proper organs for transplantation

D．few people are willing to donate their organs after death

George says that processes used in internal organisation

A．should be subject to constant and careful monitoring,

B．are influenced by specific management functions.

C．can lead to inconsistent external communication.

George says that processes used in internal organisation

A．should be subject to constant and careful monitoring,

B．are influenced by specific management functions.

C．can lead to inconsistent external communication.

The "MyDoom" virus could presage a generation of computer attacks by organised gangs aiming to extract ransoms from online businesses, experts said yesterday.

The warning came as the website run by SCO, a company that sells Unix computer software, in effect disappeared from the web under a blizzard of automated attacks from PCs infected by the virus, which first appeared a week ago.

The "MyDoom-A" version of the virus is reckoned to be the worst to have hit the internet, in terms of the speed of its spread, with millions of PCs worldwide believed to be infected. Such "zombie" machines begin to send out hundreds of copies of the virus every hour to almost any e-mail address in their files.

On Sunday they began sending automated queries to SCO's website, an attack that will continue until 12 February. The attack is the web equivalent of ringing the company's doorbell and running away a million times a second, leaving its computers unable to deal with standard requests to view its pages.

"You have to wonder about the time limit", said Graham Cluley, senior technology consultant at the antivirus company Sophos. "Someone could go to SCO after the 12th and say, 'If you don't want this to happen again, here are our demands'". Raimund Genes, European president of the security software firm Trend Micro, said: "Such a programme could take out any major website on the internet. It's not terrorism, but it is somebody who is obviously upset with SCO"

SCO has earned the enmity of computer users through a lawsuit it has filed against IBM. SCO claims ownership of computer code it says IBM put into the free operating system Linux, and is demanding licence fees and damages of $1bn.

Mr. Cluley said: "It might be that whoever is behind this will say to SCO, 'if you don't want the next one to target you, drop the lawsuit'". SCO has offered $250,000 (￡140,000) for information leading to the arrest of the person or people who wrote and distributed MyDoom.

Nell Barrett, of the security company Information Risk Management, said, "I would give a lot of credence to the idea of gangs using viruses to extort money. It's hard for law enforcement to track them down, because they're using machines owned by innocent people".

A second variant of MyDoom will start attacking part of Microsoft's website later today. The antivirus company MessageLabs said it had blocked more than 16 million copies of the virus in transit over the net so far. But millions more will have reached their targets.

The onset of a new generation of computer attacks was marked by ______.

A．an organization of gangs

B．the infection of PCs

C．the sale of a software

D．a website's vanishing

The "MyDoom" virus could presage a generation of computer attacks by organised gangs aiming to extract ransoms from online businesses, experts said yesterday.

The warning came as the website run by SCO, a company that sells Unix computer software, in effect disappeared from the web under a blizzard of automated attacks from PCs infected by the virus, which first appeared a week ago.

The "myDoom-A" version of the virus is reckoned to be the worst to have hit the internet, in terms of the speed of its spread, with millions of PCs worldwide believed to be infected. Such "zombie" machines begin to send out hundreds of copies of the virus every hour to almost any e-mail address in their files.

On Sunday they began sending automated queries to SCO's website, an attack that will continue until 12 February. The attack is the web equivalent of ringing the company's doorbell and running away a million times a second, leaving its computers unable to deal with standard requests to view its pages.

"You have to wonder about the time limit," said Graham Cluley, senior technology consultant at the antivirus company Sophos. "Someone could go to SCO after the 12th and say, 'If you don't want this to happen again, here are our demands'." Raimund Genes, European president of the security software firm Trend Micro, said: "Such a programme could take out any major website on the internet. It's not terrorism, but it is somebody who is obviously upset with SCO."

SCO has earned the enmity of computer users through a lawsuit it has filed against IBM. SCO claims ownership of computer code it says IBM put into the free operating system Linux, and is demanding licence fees and damages of $1bn.

Mr. Cluley said: "It might be that whoever is behind this will say to SCO, 'if you don't want the next one to target you, drop the lawsuit'." SCO has offered $250,000(￡140,000) for information leading to the arrest of the person or people who wrote and distributed MyDoom.

Nell Barrett, of the security company Information Risk Management, said, "I would give a lot of credence to the idea of gangs using viruses to extort money. It's hard for law enforcement to track them down, because they're using machines owned by innocent people."

A second variant of MyDoom will start attacking part of Microsoft's website later today. The antivirus company MessageLabs said it had blocked more than 16 million copies of the virus in transit over the net so far. But millions more will have reached their targets.

The onset of a new generation of computer attacks was marked by ______.

A．an organization of gangs

B．the infection of PCs

C．the sale of a software

D．a website's vanishing

According to the author, policies adopted by most countries are bad in that

A．they actually force citizens to donate organs.

B．the presumed consent is not morally right.

C．they fail to increase supply to an expected level.

D．people donate organs because it is voluntary.

What Is Death?

People in the past did not question the difference between life and death. They could see that a person died when his heart stopped beating. People have learned, however, that the body does not die immediately when the heart stops beating. They discovered that we remain alive as long as our brain remains active. Today the difference between life and death is not as easy to see as in the past. Modern medical devices can keep the heart beating and the lungs breathing long after the brain stops. But is this life?

This question has caused much debate among citizens in the United States. Many of them want a law that says a person is dead when the brain dies. A person should be considered dead when brain waves stop even if machines can keep the body alive. Such a law would permit doctors to speed removal (切除) of undiseased (没病的) organs for transplant (移植) operations.

The brain is made of thousands of millions of nerve cells. These cells send and receive millions of chemical and electrical messages every day. In this way the brain controls the other body activities. Nerve-cell experts say it usually is easy to tell when the brain has died. They put small electrodes (电极) on a person's skull (头骨) to measure the electrical signals that pass in and out of the brain. These brain waves are recorded on a television screen or on paper. The waves move up and down every time the brain receives messages from the nerve cells. The brain is dead when the waves stop moving.

Although there are people who oppose the idea of a law on brain block for variouis reasons, the idea of brain wave activity as a test of death is slowly being accepted.

People in the past held that the difference between life and death______.

A．was easy to tell

B．did not exist

C．lay in the brain

D．was open to debate