Public schools in Canada are supported by tax-payers.

How are public schools in all states supported?

A．By the government of the country.

B．By the state government.

C．By the citizens.

D．By tax payers.

Cheating: The income tax deadline(最后期限) approaches and some taxpayers' thoughts turn to it. Test time approaches and some students' thoughts turn to it.

"You want something you can't get by behaving within the rules, and you want it badly enough you'll do it regardless of any guilt or deep regret, and you're willing to run the risk of being caught". That's how Ladd Wheeler, psychology professor at the University of Rochester in New York, defines cheating.

Many experts believe cheating is on the rise. "We're suffering a moral breakdown", Pinkard says, "We're seeing more of the kind of person who regards the world as a series of things to be dealt with. Whether to cheat depends on whether it's the person's interest". He does, however, see less cheating among the youngest students.

Richard Dienabier, Psychology(心理学) professor at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, believes that society's attitudes account for much of the increase in cheating.

"Twenty years ago, if a person cheated in college, society said; That is extremely serious, you will be dropped for a term if not kicked out permanently", he says. "Nowadays, at the University of Nebraska, for example, it is the stated policy of the college of Arts and Sciences that if a student cheats on an exam, the student must receive an 'F' on what he cheated on. That's nothing. If you're going to flunk anyway, why not cheat?"

"Cheating is most likely in situations where the vital interests are high and the chances of getting caught are low", says social psychologist Lynn Kahle of the University of Oregon in Eugene.

The passage centers on______.

A．convincing the reader that cheating is immoral

B．discussing the reasons for cheating

C．describing how students cheat on exams

D．discussing how to control cheating

The income-tax deadline approaches and some taxpayers' thoughts turn to it. Test time approaches and some students' thoughts turn to it. Temptation appears and some spouses consider it. Nowadays, cheating is on the rise. "You want something you can't get by behaving within the rules, and you want it badly enough, you'll do it regardless of any guilt or regret, and you're willing to run the risk of being caught. " That's how Ladd Wheeler, psychology professor at the University of Rochester in New York, defines cheating.

Cheating represents the triumph of the "Brazen Rule" over the "Golden Rule", says Terry Pinkard, philosophy professor at Georgetown University in Washington D．C． "The Golden Rule says, Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.'The Brazen Rule says, Do unto others as they would do unto you if they were in your place. ' " Many experts believe cheating is on the rise. "We're seeing more of the kind of person who regards the world as a series of things to be manipulated． Whether to cheat depends on whether it's in the person's interest. " He does, however, see less cheating among the youngest students.

Richard Dienslbier, psychology professor at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, believes that society's attitudes account for much of the rise in cheating. "Twenty years ago, if a person cheated in college, society said:'That is extremely serious; you will be dropped for a semester if not kicked out permanently, ' " he says. "Nowadays, at the University of Nebraska, for example, it is the stated policy of the College of Arts and Sciences that if a student cheats on an exam, the student must receive an'F' on what he cheated on. That's nothing. If you're going to fail anyway, why not cheat?"

Cheating is unethical, Pinkard says, whether it's massive fraud or failure to tell a store cashier you were undercharged． "You're treating other people merely as a means for your own ends. You're using people in ways they would not consent to. The cheater says, ' Let everybody else bear the burden, and I'll reap the benefits. '"

Cheaters usually try to justify their actions, says Rohert Hogan, chairman of the psychology department at the University of Tulsa in Oklahoma． "They never think it's their fault. " Cheaters make justifications because they want to feel good about themselves, adds Wheeler. "They don't want to label themselves as a cheater. Also, they may be anticipating the possibility of getting caught, so they work on their excuse ahead of time. " The most common justifications, psychologists say, include:

"I had to do it. "

"The test was unfair. "

"Everybody does it, and I have to cheat to get what's rightfully mine. "

"The government wastes the money anyway. "

"My wife (or husband) doesn't understand me, and we've grown apart. "

Cheating is most likely in situation where the stakes are high and the chances of getting caught are low, says social psychologist Lynn Kahle of the University of Oregon in Eugene. In his study, a group of freshmen were allowed to grade their own tests, while secret, pressure sensitive paper indicated who changed answers. To raise the pressure, students were given an extremely high scores as the "average" for the test and told that those who failed would go before an inquiring board of psychologists. About 16 percent of the male students changed answers; among the females, about 30 percent cheated．

Everybody cheats, a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn't cheat under any circumstances.

Despite the general rise in cheating, Pinkard sees some cause for hope: "I do find among younger students a much less tolerant attitude toward cheating. " Perhaps, he says, the upcoming generation is less spoiled than the "baby boom" students who

A．convince the reader that cheating is immoral

B．discuss the varieties of and reasons for cheating

C．describe how cheaters cheat

D．suggest how to curtail cheating

From other countries' successful experience, Britain can learn that ______.

A．tax payers' money should be divided equally between parents and state schools.

B．there should not be a tight control over the specific ways of teaching.

C．the public money should go to any charity who would like to attract students.

D．public surveillance should inform. parents in order to maintain high standards.

听力原文： Life in the twentieth century must demand preparations. Today, all individuals in a country must have adequate schooling to prepare them for their work as well as for their responsibilities as citizens. With this faith in mind, national leaders everywhere placing more emphasis on the education of the young.

In the United States, government officials, parents, and teachers are working hard to give the children tomorrow's decision - makers best preparation available.

There is no national school policy in the United States. Each of the fifty states makes its own rules and regulations for its schools, but there are many similarities among the fifty school systems. Public schools in all states are supported by taxes paid by the citizens of the individual state. In most states the children are required to attend school until they reach the age of sixteen.

When they become six years old, children begin elementary school. After six years in elementary, they go into junior high school and remain there for three years. The last three years of their public school education are spent in senior high school from which they graduate at the age of eighteen.

A great number of high school graduates continue their education in one of the many colleges or universities in the country. After four years, they receive a bachelor's degree. Some continue studying for a master's degree and perhaps a doctor's degree.

(30)

A．School and Education.

B．Individuals in the United States.

C．Responsibilities as Citizens.

D．Tomorrow's Decision- makers.

听力原文： Life in the twentieth century must demand preparations. Today, all individuals in a country must have adequate schooling to prepare them for their work as well as for their responsibilities as citizens. With this faith in mind, national leaders everywhere placing more emphasis on the education of the young.

In the United States, government officials, parents, and teachers are working hard to give the children—tomorrow's decision-makers—best preparation available.

There is no national school policy in the United States. Each of the fifty stales makes its own rules and regulations for its schools, but there are many similarities among the fifty school systems. Public schools in all states are supported by taxes paid by the citizens of the individual slate. In most states the children are required to attend school until they roach the age of sixteen.

When they become six years old, children begin elementary school. After six years in elementary, they go into junior high school and remain there for three years. The last three years of their public school education are spent in senior high school form. which they graduate at the age of eighteen.

A great number of high school graduates continue their education in one of the many colleges or universities in the country. After four years, they receive a bachelor's degree. Some continue studying for a master's degree and perhaps a doctor's degree.

(30)

A．School and Education.

B．Individuals in the United States.

C．Responsibilities as Citizens.

D．Tomorrow's Decision- makers.

听力原文： Religious and private schools receive little or no support from public taxes in the United States. As a result, they are more expensive to attend. The religious schools in America axe usually run by churches. Therefore they tend to be less expensive than private schools. When there is free education available to all children in the United States, why do people spend money on private schools? Americans offer a great variety of reasons for doing so. Some parents send their children to private schools because the classes there are usually smaller. In their o pinion the public schools in their area are not of high enough quality to meet their needs. Private schools in the United States range widely in size and quality, and they offer all kinds of programmes to meet the needs of certain students.

(30)

A．The number of students they take in is limited.

B．They receive little or no support from public taxes.

C．They are only open to children from rich families.

D．They have to pay more taxes.

听力原文： Religions and private schools receive little or no support from public taxes in the United States. As a result, they are more expensive to attend. The religious schools in America are usually nm by churches. Therefore they tend to be less expensive than private schools. When there is free education available to all children in the United States, why do people spend money on private schools? Americans offer a great variety of reasons for doing so. Some parents send their children to private schools because the classes there are usually smaller. In their opinion the public schools in their area are not of high enough quality to meet their needs. Private schools in the United States range widely in size and quality, and they offer all kinds of programs to meet the needs of certain students.

(30)

A．The number of students they take in is limited.

B．They receive little or no support from public taxes.

C．They are only open to children from rich families.

D．They have to pay more taxes.

The taxpayers are interested in how their tax money are used and can affect______.