________ refer to deep-seated beliefs about the individuals position in relation to his or her deity, the family, and the social hierarchy

Which of the following statements about the individual gustatory neuron is true, based on information provided by the passage?

A．It creates a neurological signal only when it comes into contact with its primary tastant.

B．Its function is not to identify tastes, but to identify similarities and differences between them.

C．Its primary importance is in distinguishing between the various qualities of a mixed stimulus.

D．It provides roughly equivalent signals when in contact with a major stimulus and a minor one.

E．It plays a fairly minor role in the across-pattern theory, compared to the labeled-line theory.

Which of the following statements about the individual gustatory neuron is true, based on information provided by the passage?

A．It creates a neurological signal only when it comes into contact with its primary tastant.

B．Its function is not to identify tastes, but to identify similarities and differences between them.

C．Its primary importance is in distinguishing between the various qualities of a mixed stimulus.

D．It provides roughly equivalent signals when in contact with a major stimulus and a minor one.

E．It plays a fairly minor role in the across-pattern theory, compared to the labeled-line theory.

Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logic nature--those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable of error-free logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the last two decades' research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA (Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.

AURA solves a problem by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. Program does not learn, nor is it self-analytical, but it reaches logical conclusions flawlessly. It used various types of reasoning and, more important, has access to very powerful and sophisticated logical strategies. AURA seldom relies on brute force to find solutions. Instead it solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction. One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the system's design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactor's design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy, known as the set of support strategy, lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem. Almost never does the program proceed by carrying out an exhaustive search.

The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist "expert systems" that include a component for reasoning. An expert system is a special purpose program designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert programs, unlike human experts, do not die. Such systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be replicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.

Will the computer replace the human being? Certainly not. It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce--that is, design more clever computer programs and more efficient, more useful components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem, and redirect their attack on a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Their impact will be felt in design, manufacturing, law, medicine, and other areas. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas. These ideas will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.

The primary purpose of AURA is to

A．function as a safety mechanism in nuclear reactors.

B．detect contradictions and other faults in computer programs.

C．develop expert human programs for technical fields.

D．check human reasoning for possible errors.

Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logic nature—those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable Of error-free logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the last two decades' research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA (Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.

AURA solves a problem by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. Program does not learn, nor is it self-analytical, but it reaches logical conclusions flawlessly. It used various types of reasoning and, more important, has access to very powerful and sophisticated logical strategies. AURA seldom relies on brute force to find solutions. Instead it

solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction. One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For ex- ample, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the system's design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactor's design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy, known as the set of support strategy, lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem. Almost never does the program proceed by carrying out an exhaustive search.

The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist "expert systems" that include a component for reasoning. An expert system is a special-purpose program designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert programs, unlike human experts, do not die. Such systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be replicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.

Will the computer replace the human being? Certainly not. It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce — that is, design more clever computer programs and more efficient, more useful components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem, and redirect their attack on a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Their impact will be felt in design, manufacturing, law, medicine, and other areas. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas. These ideas will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.

The primary purpose of AURA is to______.

A．function as a safety mechanism in. nuclear reactors

B．detect contradictions and other faults in computer programs

C．develop expert human programs for technical fields

D．check human reasoning for possible errors

Following the Senate study President Bush promised

A．to question his judgments about the intelligence

B．to defend the intelligence agencies

C．to start a hearing

D．to reform. the intelligence agencies

听力原文： Pointed questions about the independence of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board dominated the first congressional hearing on the Feb. 1 space shuttle mishap that left seven astronauts dead. Key Republicans, including House Science Committee Chairman Sherwood Boehlert joined Democrats in urging greater independence for the board. NASA established the Accident Investigation Board within hours of losing Columbia, appointing retired U. S. Navy Admiral Harold Gordon, Jr. as its chair. NASA Administrator repeatedly defended the board's independence from NASA while stressing that he is willing to comply with any changes that Gordon feels are necessary to ensure that the board can conduct its investigation without undue influence from NASA.

What is this news mainly about?

A．The February 1 space shuttle "Columbia" mishap.

B．Some pointed questions from some Republican representatives.

C．The independence of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board.

D．The establishment of the NASA Accident Investigation Board.

Write a composition of at least 150 "words about the topic.The Development of the Internet.You should "write according to the outline given below: 1．互联网的出现及其应用 2．举例说明互联网都有哪些实用价值，并说明今后的发展 3．如何正确地利用互联网 Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

Which of the following statements about the Internet is true?

A．ARPA was the first net used by American universities and institutions.

B．The history of the Internet can be traced back to fifty years ago.

C．The purpose of the Internet is to protect the world in the event of war.

D．ARPAnet formed the foundation of the Internet nowadays.

Which of the following statements about Trevor Baylis is NOT true?

A．He runs.

B．He invented the clockwork radio.

C．He was once an entertainer.

D．He runs a company.

Which of the following statements about Trevor Baylis is NOT true?

A．He runs.

B．He invented the clockwork radio.

C．He was once an entertainer.

D．He runs a company.