The three main categories of outlines are the topic outline, the word outline, and the paragraph outline.

The UNIX operating system is made up of three parts; the kernel, the shell and the programs. The kernel of UNIX is the(71)of the operating system: it allocates time and memory to programs and handles the filestore and communications in response to(72). The shell acts as an(73)between the user and the kernel. When a user logs in, the(74)program checks the username and password, and then starts another program called the shell. The shell is a command line(75)(CLI). It interprets the commands the user types in and arranges for them to be carded out. The commands are themselves programs: when they terminate, the shell gives the user another prompt(% on our systems).

A．hub

B．center

C．core

D．nucleus

The word "it" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to

A．the lack of stable communities.

B．the breakdown of informal information channels.

C．the increased mobility of families.

D．the growing number of people moving from place to place,

?Read the article below about Ievels Of management．

?Choose the correct word to fill each gap from A，B，C or D．

?For each question(21-30)，mark one letter(A，B，C or D)on your Answer Sheet．

The three basic levels of management are top，middle，and first-line top．

The fairly small number of executives who guide the fortunes of most companies are (21) managers．Common titles for top managers include President，Vice President，Treasurer，Chief (22) Officer(CEO)，and Chief Financial Officer (CFO)．Top managers are responsible to the board of directors and stockhoIders of the firm for its overall (23) and effectiveness．They set general policies，formulate strategies，oversee all significant decisions，and represent the company in its (24) other businesses and government．

Although they are below the ranks of the top executives，middle managers (25) positions of considerable autonomy and importance．Titles such as P1ant Manager，Operations Manager，and Division Manager are typical of middle-management slots． (26) ，middle managers are responsible for implementing the strategies． policies，and decisions made by top managers．For example，if top management decides to bring (27) a new product in 12 months or to cut costs by 5 percent，middle management will have to decide to increase the pace of new product development or to reduce the plant'S work force．With companies increasingly seeking ways to cut (28) ，however，the job of middle manager has lately become an unsteady one in many large companies．

At the bottom of the management hierarchy are first-line managers，who supervise the work of employees．First-line managers hold (29) ．such as Supervisor，Office Manager，and Foreman．First-line managers tend to spend most of their time working with and supervising the employees who (30) to them．Some have entered the firm without a college degree or have been promoted from within the company．

(22)

A．top

B．down

C．utmost

D．supervisor

The word “burnout” (Line 4, Para. 5) here refers to the state of ________.

A) being seriously burnt in the skin

B) being unable to burn for lack of fuel

C) being badly damaged by fire

D) being unable to function because of excessive use

The word "it" ( Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ______.

A．the lack of stable communities

B．the breakdown of informal information channels

C．the increased mobility of families

D．the growing number of people moving from place to place

What does the word "Epicurean" (Para. 3 Line 5) most probably means in the text?

A．Devoted to the pursuit of pleasure.

B．An inclination toward literal truth.

C．Unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

D．Romantic quality or spirit in thought.

The word "Also"(Line 2, Paragraph 2) is used to ______.

A．continue the discussion of total U.S. electricity use

B．expand the topic of reduction of energy and water use

C．include the discussion of public transportation

D．shift the focus to the topic of the environment protection

The word “subjects” (Line 1, Para. 4) refers to ________.

A) the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit

B) special branches of knowledge that are being studied

C) people whose behavior. or reactions are being studied

D) the psychological consequences of sleep deficit

The word "roar"(Line 2, Para. 3) in the third paragraph probably means______.

A．to whisper

B．to give out a loud cry

C．to make a long and loud sound

D．to make sharp voice