1) Lots of job loss is just one thing resulting from automation. 2) Widespread unemployment is one consequence of automation. The second sentence is formal.

1 One argument used to support the idea that employment will continue to be the dominant form. of work, and that employment will eventually become available for all who want it, is that working time will continue to fall. People in jobs will work fewer hours in the day, fewer days in the week, fewer weeks in the year, and fewer years in a lifetime, than they do now. This will mean that more jobs will be available for more people. This, it is said, is the way we should set about restoring full employment.

2 There is no doubt that something of this kind will happen. The shorter working week, longer holidays, earlier retirement, job-sharing — these and other ways of reducing the amount of time people spend on their jobs — are certainly likely to spread. A mix of parttime paid work and part-time unpaid work is likely to become a much more common work pattern than today, and a flexi-life pattern of work — involving paid employment at certain stages of life, but not at others — will become widespread. But it is surely unrealistic to assume that this will make it possible to restore full employment as the dominant form. of work.

3 In the first place, so long as employment remains the overwhelmingly important form. of work and source of income for most people, it is very difficult to see how reductions in employees' working time can take place on a scale sufficiently large and at a pace sufficiently fast to make it possible to share out the available paid employment to everyone who wants it. Such negotiations as there have recently been, for example in Britain and Germany, about the possibility of introducing a 35-hour working week, have highlighted some of the difficulties. But, secondly, if changes of this kind were to take place at a pace and on a scale sufficient to make it possible to share employment among all who wanted it, the resulting situation — in which most people would not be working in their jobs for more than two or three short days a week — could hardly continue to be one in which employment was still regarded as the only truly valid form. of work. There would be so many people spending so much of their time on other activities, including other forms of useful work, that the primacy of employment would be bound to be called into question, at least to some extent.

The author uses the negotiations in Britain and Germany as an example to

A．support reductions in employees' working time.

B．indicate employees are unwilling to share jobs.

C．prove the possibility of sharing paid employment.

D．how that employment will lose its dominance.

根据以下内容回答题：

Social customs and ways of behaving change．Things which were considered impolite many years ago are now acceptable．Just a few years ago，it was considered impolite behavior. for a man to smoke on street．No man who thought of himself by smoking when a lady was in a room． Customs also differ from country to country．Does a man walk on the left or the right of a woman in your country?Or doesn’t it matter?Should you use both hands when you are eating?Should leave one in your lap，or on the table?The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customs．For example，in both America and England people shake hands when they meet each other for the first time．Als0．most Englishmen will open a door for a woman or offer their seat to a woman，and SO will most Americans．Promptness is important both in England and in America．That is，if a dinner invitation is for 7 o"clock，the dinner guest either arrives close to that time or calls up to explain his delay． The important thing to remember about social customs is not to do anything that might make other people feel uncomfortable——especially if they are your guests．When the food was served，one of the guests started to eat his meats with a knife．The other guests were amused or shocked，but the host calmly picked up his knife and began eating in the same way．It would have been bad manners to make his guest feel foolish or uncomfortable．

If one has accepted a dinner invitation，what should he do if he is to be late for the dinner?

A.He should find an excuse．

B.He should ask for excuse．

C.He should say sorry．

D.He should telephone to explain his being late．

听力原文：W: Well, it seems quite common, actually. Lots of people in Australia are now traveling and taking time off. And when I was traveling, I met so many people doing the same thing.

M: Yeah, yeah, so where did you start off?

W: Well, I went to New Zealand first. Urn, and I got a job in a computer company as a secretary. And I worked there for four months.

M: Really? You can do that, can you? I mean it's possible for anyone to get a job in New Zealand without being a New Zealander?

W: No. Not everybody. Only Australians and New Zealanders can exchange either. You know you can work in either country.

M: Right, yeah.

W: So that was easy. I worked there for four months and raised enough money for the rest of the travels really, so from there, I went to Indonesia, and traveled around the different islands of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, China, Nepal and India.

M: What about in Indonesia? What did you do? Did you fly mostly between the Islands?

W: Um, I did a bit of that and boats, mainly local boats between the islands.

M: What about Singapore? People say it's very, very modern, but because it's too modern, it's rather boring. Did you find that?

W: Um, well, it's difficult so say, really. It has different attractions, you know, the Chinese, Malay and Hindu communities are there. It has its own culture and custom, very different from the others, and it's a great big shopping center, and I really enjoyed it from that point of view. And it was very clean.

M: And after that, you said you went, what, to Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and then China? That's a great country to travel in, isn't it?

W: Well, it was. Yeah. And it was fabulous, it really was. You haven't been there, then?

M: No, I haven't. I mean it's very big, isn't it? Did you... ?

W: Yeah, I only had one month traveling in China. That was too short for such a vast country as China. I thought I didn't have enough time, so I sacrificed a lot of places and did the main tours round, really. I went to Beijing, the capital, Kaifeng, Yinchuan and Tibet.

M: Wow, how exciting! You said after Beijing, you went to... ?

W: That was Kaifeng, in central China's Henan province. It's a charming city and has got a lot to look around, like temples and pagodas, very traditional.

M: Um, um.

W: What fascinated me when I was there was that some Jews went to live in Kaifeng many years ago. As early as the 16th century, there were Jewish families there. They had their Saint God and the Five Books of Mezuzas. Even today, several hundreds descendents of the original Jews still live in Kaifeng.

M: Really? I've never heard of that. And, where did you go after Kaifeng?

W: I went northwest to Yinchuan, the provincial city of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

M: Is this the place where there has always been a shortage of water?

W: No, no. On the contrary, it has got an abundant supply of water because it is near the Yellow River. In this sense, Yinchuan has a favorable geographical position in otherwise harsh surroundings.

M: What did you see there, then?

W: Ningxia was once the capital of the Western Xia during the llth century. So outside Yinchuan, you could still see the Western Xia Mausoleum where the kings of the kingdom are buried. The tombs are pretty scattered in a big area at the foot of the Helan Moutain. And inside the city there is a famous mosque in the architectural style. of the Middle East. It's really a place worth visiting. You get to know something about Chinese Moslems.

M: Eh..., that sounds really interesting. Where did you travel after that?

W: I was lucky enough to get into Tibet and that was brilliant.

M: Yeah? What was the most interesting place you visited, do you think?

W: Well, I think actually Tibet was the most fascinating and exciting. I've never been anywhere so different. The people there are wonderful, the clothes they wear, the food they eat.

M: And you said you went t

A．many Australians are taking time off to travel.

B．the woman worked for some time in New Zealand.

C．the woman raised enough money for travel.

D．Australians prefer to work in New Zealand.

听力原文： A lot of people think that cultural anthropology is just about studying the special and strange aspects of a society, but anthropologists are also interested in the aspects of life that seem so ordinary that the people in the society think they're not significant. Let me give you an example. I see lots of T-shirts here in class today, but you probably don't think of them as an important part of your culture, but anthropologists could learn a lot about the culture of the US just by studying the T-shirt. For one thing, T-shirts are a mark of how casual clothing has become in America. No one was quite sure where they came from, but the T-shirt first became popular in this country as an undershirt for Sellers in the 1940s. Then in the 1950s, it became a sign of rebellion for teenagers to wear this white undershirt by itself, not under anything. By the 1960s and 70s, T-shirts had become accepted as part of the uniform. views. You could even say that they came to symbolize that generation's attitude towards informality and all things, including dress. Another aspect that anthropologists would find interesting is that T-shirts are used to express personal opinions. Look around this room, you know who likes watching TV shows, who went where on vacation, who belongs to what organizations on campus. All of these aspects of our culture are printed on your T-shirts. OK, I want to stop for a minute and ask you to try to write down five different conclusions you could reach about American culture from just the T-shirts in this classroom.

(30)

A．The effect of ordinary aspects of life on anthropology.

B．A good source of information about a society.

C．Attitudes toward culture in the 1940's.

D．The relationship between anthropology and military.

听力原文： A lot of people think that cultural anthropology is just about studying the special and strange aspects of a society, but anthropologists are also interested in the aspects of life that seem so ordinary that the people in the society think they're not significant. Let me give you an example. I see lots of T-shirts here in class today, but you probably don't think of them as an important part of your culture, but anthropologists could learn a lot about the culture of the US just by studying the T-shirt. For one thing, T-shirts are a mark of how casual clothing has become in America. No one was quite sure where they came from, but the T-shirt first became popular in this country as an undershirt for Sellers in the 1940s. Then in the 1950s, it became a sign of rebellion for teenagers to wear this white undershirt by itself, not under anything. By the 1960s and 70s, T-shirts had become accepted as part of the uniform. views. You could even say that they came to symbolize that generation's attitude towards informality and all things, including dress. Another aspect that anthropologists would find interesting is that T-shirts are used to express personal opinions. Look around this room, you know who likes watching TV shows, who went where on vacation, who belongs to what organizations on campus. All of these aspects of our culture are printed on your T-shirts. OK, I want to stop for a minute and ask you to try to write down five different conclusions you could reach about American culture from just the T-shirts in this classroom.

(30)

A．The effect of ordinary aspects of life on anthropology.

B．A good source of information about a society.

C．Attitudes toward culture in the 1940's.

D．The relationship between anthropology and military.

Creativity is not something one is just born with, nor is it necessarily a characteristic of high intelligence. A person is highly intelligent does not mean that he uses it creatively 【M1】______

Creativity is the matter of using the resources one have to produce original ideas that 【M2】______

are good for something.

There are things that parents can do at the home to encourage creativity. They 【M3】______

can involve children by decision-making if the problem is appropriate, asking the 【M4】______

child for suggestions. Parents can help their children, to understand the

consequences of various decision. Parents should also encourage their 【M5】______

children to talk out loud about things they are doing. Thinking and language skills is 【M6】______

closely related. Talking out loud improve language skills and thinking 【M7】______

skills. It is important to give children choices. As children grow older ,

parents should let their children to decide more serious things, but not automatically 【M8】______

help them too much if they have the wrong decision. This may be confusing 【M9】______

for the child, but that is all fight. This is because one of the most important trait 【M10】______

of creative people is a very strong motivation to make order out of confusion.

【M1】