The word Technology comes from the Arabic word, techne, meaning “science of production”.

In general，the application of science and technology in all fields is certain to speed up social development.

A)一般的科学家为了在社会上发展，都想尽快地申请科研项目。

B)总的说来，科学技术在各个领域的应用必将加速社会的发展。

C)大体上，对科学技术的应用都会使社会各个领域加速发展。

D)总之，科学家对科研项目的申请都是为了促进社会的发展。

E)总的说来，应用各个领域的科学技术都必将加速社会的发展。

Many people consider the wider use of biofuels a promising way of reducing the amount of surplus carbon dioxide (CO2n) being pumped into the air by the world’s mechanized transport. The theory is that plants such as sugar cane, maize (corn, to Americans), oilseed rape and wheat take up CO2 during their growth, so burning fuels made from them should have no net effect on the amount of that gas in the atmosphere.

Theory, though, does not always translate into practice, and just as governments have committed themselves to the greater use of biofuels, questions are being raised about how green this form. of energy really is. The latest comes from the International Council for Science (ICSU) based in Paris.

The ICSU report concludes that, so far, the production of biofuels has aggravated rather than ameliorated global warming. In particular, it supports some controversial findings published in 2007 by Paul Crutzen of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Germany. Dr. Crutzen concluded that most analyses had underestimated the importance to global warming of a gas called nitrous oxide (N2nO). The amount of this gas released by farming biofuel crops such as maize and rape probably negates by itself any advantage offered by reduced emissions of CO2n.

Although N2nO is not common in the Earth’s atmosphere, it is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2n and it hangs around longer. The result is that, over the course of a century, its ability to warm the planet is almost 300 times that of an equivalent mass of CO2n.

N2nO is made by bacteria that live in soil and water and, these days, their raw material is often the nitrogen-rich fertiliser that modern farming requires. Since the 1960s the amount of fertiliser used by farmers has increased sixfold, and not all of that extra nitrogen ends up in their crops. Maize, in particular, is described by experts in the field as a “nitrogen-leaky” plant because it has shallow roots and takes up nitrogen for only a few months of the year. This would make maize (which is one of the main sources of biofuel) a particularly bad contributor to global N2nO emissions.

But it is not just biofuels that are to blame. The ICSU report suggests N2nO emissions in general are probably more important than had been realised. Previous studies, including those by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a United Nations-appointed body of experts, may have miscalculated their significance — and according to Adrian Williams of Cranfield University, in Britain, even the IPCC’s approach suggests that the global-warming potential of most of Britain’s annual crops is dominated by N2nO emissions.

Biofuels are appreciated by governments because

A．burning biofuels does not add CO2n to the atmosphere.

B．biofuels can slow down the pace of global warming.

C．biofuels is a promising and profitable form. of green energy.

D．burning biofuels discharges less N2nO than burning oils.

Undoubtedly, our world has changed a lot with the development of science and technology. Some people think that technology has made the world a better place to live. Do you agree or disagree with this? Write an essay of about 400 words to state your view on the following topic:

Has Technology Made The World a Better Place To Live?

In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.

Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks

What is the danger of the confusion in the meaning of science?

A．With this confusion, people would have wrong political opinions.

B．With this confusion, young people might get the wrong scientific training.

C．It would lead to misconceptions in education.

D．It would result in more scientists than really needed.

Science is a cumulative body of knowledge about the natural world, obtained by the application of a particular method practised by the scientist. The word science itself is derived from the Latin scire, which means to know, to have knowledge of or to experience. Technology is the fruit of applied science, it is the concrete expression of research done in the laboratory and applied to manufacturing commodities to meet human needs. The word scientist was introduced only in 1840 by William Whewell, Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Cambridge. In his Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, he wrote: "We need a name to describe a cultivator of science in general. I should be inclined to call him a scientist." The "cultivators of science" before 1840 were known as "natural philosophers". The founders of the 300-year-old Royal Society were typical "natural philosophers". They were curious, often eccentric persons who poked inquiring fingers at nature. In the process of doing so they stated a technique of inquiry we know today as the "scientific method".

Briefly, these are the steps in the method. First comes the thought that sparks off the inquiry. (For. example, in 1896, the physicist Henri Becquerel, in communications to the French Academy of Sciences, stated that he found that uranium salts emitted rays of unknown nature. His discovery excited Marie Curie. Along with her husband Pierre, she wanted to know more about this radiation. What was it exactly, and where did it come from?)

Second comes the collecting of facts: the techniques of doing this will differ according to the problem to be solved. However it is based on experiments in which one may use anything from a test tube to an earth satellite to gather essential data. (If you do not know the difficulties which the Curies encountered to gather their facts, as they investigated the mysterious uranium rays, I advise you to read the remarkable story in the book Madame Curie by her daughter Eve. )

This leads to step three: organising the facts and studying the relationships that emerge. (These rays were different from anything known. How can this be explained? Did this radiation come from the atom itself? It might well be that other materials also emit radiation. Madame Curie investigated and found this was so. She invented the word radioactivity for this phenomenon. She followed this with further experimental work on only "active" radioelements. )

Step four is the statement of a hypothesis or theory: that is, framing a general truth that has emerged and that may be modified as new facts emerge. (In July 1898, the Curies announced the probable presence in pitchblende ores of a new element endowed with powerful radioactivity. This was the beginning of the discovery of radium. )

Then follows the clearer statement of the theory. (In December 1898, the Curies reported to the Academy of Sciences: "The various reasons we have enumerated lead us to believe that the new radioactive substance contains a new element to which we propose to give the name of Radium. The new radioactive substance certainly contains a very strong proportion of bariums in spite of that its radioactivity is considerable. The radioactivity of radium therefore must be enormous. ")

And the final step is the practical test of the theory--the prediction of new facts. This is essential because from this flows the possibility of control by man of the forces of nature that are newly revealed.

Note how Marie Curie used deductive reasoning in order to push on. "This kind of detective work is basic to the methodology of science. Further, she was concerned with probability and not certainty-in her investigations. Also, although the Curies were doing the basic research work at great expense to themselves in hard physical toil, they knew that they were part of an international group of people all concerned with their search for truth

A．science is concerned about the natural world

B．technology is the result of applied science

C．a scientist is a cultivator of science

D．the scientific method is indispensable in the pursuit of science

Generally speaking, the application—or misapplication—of science and technology in all fields is certain to affect the structure of society as a whole.

A．总的来说，科技在各个领域中的应用或误用，势必会影响整个社会结构。

B．总的来说，对科技在各个领域的理解或误解会影响社会的整体结构。

C．总的来说，科技在农业上的应用或误用，必然会影响社会的整体结构。

D．总的来说，科技在各个领域中的应用或误用，必然对作为整体的社会建筑产生影响。