The rule also sets forth the mine operator’s obligations, including respirable dust sampling requirements for Part （) miners.

Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and more recently, rubber and plastic and that was where we stuck, in surgical instrument terms, for many years. In the 1960s a new tool was developed, one which was, first of all, to be of great practical use to the armed forces and industry, but which was also, in time, to revolutionize the art and science of surgery.

The tool is the laser and it is being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints. The word "laser" means: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. As we all know, light is hot, any source of light -- from the sun itself down to a humble match burning -- will give warmth. But light is usually spread out over a wide area. The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrated. This means that a light with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes intensely strong as it is concentrated to a pinpoint-sized beam.

Experiments with these pinpoint beams showed researchers that different energy sources produce beams that have a particular effect on certain living cells. It is now possible for eye surgeons to operate on the back of the human eye without harming the front of the eye, simply by passing a laser beam right through the eyeball. No knives, no stitches, no unwanted damage -- a true surgical wonder. Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long period of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. So much more difficult operations can now be tried.

The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting. Perhaps some cancers will be treated with laser in a way that makes surgery not only safer but also more effective. Altogether, tomorrow may see more and more information coming to light on the diseases which can be treated medically.

Which of the following would be appropriate to describe the instruments for surgical operations up until 1960s?

A．Traditional.

B．Complicated.

C．Remarkable.

D．Revolutionary.

Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and more recently, rubber and plastic and that was where we stuck, in surgical instrument terms, for many years. In the 1960s a new tool was developed, one which was, first of all, to be of great practical use to the armed forces and industry, but which was also, in time, to revolutionize the art and science of surgery.

The tool is the laser and it is being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints. The word laser means: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. As we all know, light is hot, any source of light - from the sun itself clown to a humble match burning - will give warmth. But light is usually spread out over a wide area. The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrated. This means that a light with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes intensely strong as it is concentrated to a pinpoint -sized beam.

Experiments with these pinpoint beams showed researchers that difficult energy sources produce beams that have a particular effect on certain living cells. It is now possible for eye surgeons to operate on the back of the human eye without harming the front of the eye, simply by passing a laser beam right through the eyeball. No knives, no stitches(刀口缝合) , no unwanted damage-a true surgical wonder. Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long period of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. So much more difficult operations can now be tried.

The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting. Perhaps some cancers will be treated with laser in a way that makes surgery not only safer but also more effective. Altogether, tomorrow may see more and more information coming to light on the diseases which can be treated medically.

Which of the following would be appropriate to describe the instruments for surgical operations up until 1960s?

A．Traditional.

B．Simple.

C．Remarkable.

D．Basic.

Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and more recently, rubber and plastic. And that was where we stuck, in surgical instrument terms, for many years. In the 1960s a new tool was developed, one which was, first of all, to be of great practical use to the armed forces and industry, but which was also, in time, to revolutionize the art and science of surgery.

The tool is the laser and it is being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints. The word laser means: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Light. As we all know, light is hot; any source of light ——from the sun itself down to a humble match burning ——will give warmth. But light is usually spread out over a wide area. The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrated. This means that a light with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes intensely strong as it is concentrated to a pinpoint-sized beam.

Experiments with these pinpoint beams showed researchers that different energy sources produce beams that have a particular effect on certain living cells. It is now possible for eye surgeons to operate on the back of the human eye without harming the front of the eye, simply by passing a laser beam right through the eyeball. No knives, no stitches (刀口缝合), no unwanted damage ——a true surgical wonder.

Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. So much more difficult operations can now be tried.

The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting. Perhaps some cancers will be treated with laser in a way that makes surgery not only safer but more effective. Altogether, tomorrow may see more and more information coming to light on the diseases which can be treated medically.

Up until the 1960s the instruments used to perform. surgical operations were ______.

A．fashionable

B．extraordinary

C．special

D．basic

A、backward into an industry that produces inputs for the company's products.

B、by making specialized investments jointly with its competitor.

C、laterally into an industry that competes with the company's products.

D、by merging with industry competitors.

E、by using its capital resources to purchase another company within the industry.

The U.S. birthrate began to decline in the middle 1950's, resulting in a smaller College age population starting in the middle 1970's. Something else happened in the 1970's: the price of oil increased tremendously, driving up the price of almost everything and making Americans aware that their large automobiles used a lot of gasoline. At the same time, foreign car manufacturers had begun to produce small fuel efficient cars in large quantities for the export market. Suddenly, the large, gas guzzling American cars were no longer attractive to American buyers, who began buying foreign cars by the thousands. The American automobile industry went into a recession. Thousands of automotive workers were laid off, as were thousands of people in industries indirectly connected with the auto industry. People who are laid off tend to keep what money they have for necessities, like food and housing. They do not have the extra money needed to send their children to college. Their children cannot pay their own college costs, because during a recession they cannot find jobs. High unemployment means that more state funds must be used for social service—unemployment benefits and to aid dependent children, for example—than during more prosperous times. It also means that the states have fewer funds than usual, because people are paying fewer taxes. Institutions of higher education depend on two major sources of income to keep them functioning: tuition from students and funds from the states. At the present time, there are fewer students than in the past and fewer state funds available for higher education. The colleges and universities are in trouble.

What is the main idea of this passage?

A．The rising of oil price drove up the price of everything.

B．There were many reasons why higher education was in trouble in the 1970's.

C．Birthrate began to decline in the U.S.A. in 1950's.

D．High unemployment caused a lot of social problems.

Who can spot the risks?

The grand circle that regulators have to square is this: how to establish a framework of regulation that accommodates the characteristics of the traditional specialised banking system and mark it off from other businesses. With the sort of diversified financial services that are actually evolving, the era of strictly compartmentalised financial institutions is passing, leaving the regulatory system designed to match it looking increasingly out of date.

A single omnipotent, omniscient regulator for all financial services remains dream. Many say it will stay that way, pointing out how long it took to get agreement just on rudimentary international rules for the capital adequacy of banks. Yet regulators everywhere acknowledge the need to cooperate more closely with their opposite numbers across industrial and geographical boundaries. They also agree that greater harmonisation of regulatory standards on everything from reporting requirements to risk assessment will come surely, if slowly.

Much of that is likely to be mere tidying up. A good place to start in America would be scrapping the separate regulation of thrifts, If they have been there is little reason not to regulate them as banks (and especially given the mess thrift regulators have made of the job) . It is what Japan has sensibly done by making its equivalent of thrifts, so go banks, choose to be either credit unions or to become commercial banks. Britain, too, has let those of its building societies with ambitions to be banks, and to be regulated as such.

These are moves in another right direction to switch away from regulation by institution, as mostly happens now, to regulation by function. This means that regulation becomes a matter of supervising what is done rather than who does it.

Unsystematic deregulation has brought the system to its present ugly pass. This has left an increasing number of competitive anomalies. Much of the pressure for, and resistance to, further change comes from those institutions that wish to alleviate or entrench their market disadvantage. In both America and Japan, the debates about reforming the domestic financial systems, and in particular about updating Glass - Steagall and Article 65 respectively, have been slowed by political horse - trading. This is making worse a situation in which competition is keeping the prices of many financial services artificially low and capacity artificially great in a way that cannot be sustained for long. Systemic risk gets greater, not less, the longer the system is skewed.

The point is long past at which regulators might have been able to force market practices back into the old regulatory framework. The global competitive and technological forces against them are too powerful. Neither is the option of turning back the clock through re - regulation feasible, and few regulators show signs either of wanting to undertake such a course, or of having the stomach for the political fight it would entail. Even in Japan, where regulators hold a sway over their industries that their counterparts in Europe and America can only envy, and where the financial system is being emerging new economy. This is being done with the grain of market forces, not against it.

Which "circle" do "the regulators have to square" according to paragraph 1?

A．To create a regulatory system that controls banks tightly enough.

B．To create a regulatory system that treats banks exactly like other financial institutions.

C．To create a regulatory system which limits financial innovations.

D．To create a regulatory system which provides a special position for banks.