Doris räumt gern auf und putzt auch gerne. Sie ist ein ________ Mensch.

Verbuchen Sie folgende Vorf?lle in einem national gegliederten Kontensystem und schlie?en Sie es ab. Berechnen Sie das BIPM, das NIPM, das NIPF und das verfügbare Einkommen. Die Abschreibungen betragen 279. Der Saldo aus indirekten Steuern und Subventionen bel?uft sich auf 273. Die Summe der im Inland erwirtschafteten Faktoreinkommen betr?gt 1870. Die Haushalte konsumieren 1773. Der Saldo aus Exporten und Importen von Gütern und Dienstleistungen betr?gt 135. Das Defizit der Transferausgaben gegenüber dem Ausland betr?gt 30. Den Inl?ndern flie?en Faktoreinkommen in H?he von 1895 zu. Weitere Transaktionen haben nicht stattgefunden.

Men lie to women. At the heart of many men's lies, however, is the male ego. Men lie to build themselves up or to conceal something. They are more likely to lie to enhance themselves than women are Men have a hard time admitting failure. How our culture defines success is important to a man, so he assumes it's important to his partner.

In a 1991 study, psychologist William Tooke and an assistant at the State University of New York College at Plattsburgh asked 110 students at the university to look at 88 deceptive tactics — such as inflating one's accomplishments and wearing designer's clothes to appear wealthy — and reveal how often they were used in their own relationships. Men were significantly more likely than women to use such deception. Ego-stroking statements that turn out to be total lies may be designed to cover up opposite feelings — for instance, when a man says he values his wife's work but actually doesn't consider it important. Such lies can signal serious problems ahead, whether it's dealing with child care, vacation plans or career moves.

The more quickly a woman seeks the truth behind these lies, the sooner she can remedy the relationship— or, if necessary, end it. As one puts it: "I'd rather have the ax fall than slip down the endless slope of uncertainty and frustration." A wife may not be sure that what her husband is saying means "the end". She should listen closely, not only to what he says, but also to how he says it. According to Depaul, changes in voice can be significant. She has found that people's voices often get higher or shakier when they lie, and they are more likely to stumble over words.

However, there are few things that trouble a man more than a woman's anger — or nagging, as he calls it — so he lies to avoid a scene. It is in "hassle-prevention lying" that men can demonstrate their greatest versatility. A young man in New York City forgot his girlfriend's birthday. When she confronted him, he claimed he'd planned a surprise all along. He grabbed the phone, called a home shopping network and berated the representative for not sending the expensive gift he'd ordered. "If you can't do better than this, I'll tear up my membership card!" he shouted. Of course, the man didn't have a card and had never ordered a gift.

In this book The Varnished Truth, David Nyberg, professor of education at State University of New York at Buffalo, states, "Occasionally there is a lot to lose by telling the truth, and something to be gained by not telling the truth." Still, it is important to remember that lies axe at heart deceptions, and repeated deceptions destroy intimacy. Real intimacy is only possible to the degree that we can be honest about what we are doing and feeling. When lying comes to predominate in a marriage, the relationship begins to deteriorate. A husband and wife can sense the trust erode, and feel their hearts growing colder.

Men, for their part, need to develop the courage to drop the defense mechanisms that bolster their egos and pride, and search for true intimacy with their mates. Telling the truth to a spouse is the first step toward showing that love is more important than lies.

Men have a hard time admitting failure because ______.

A．they think their partners set much store by their success

B．according to tradition as a man they must succeed

C．success is important to both men and women

D．they are defined as success by our culture

One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains al coholism by considering alcohol ingestion as reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner-drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one' or more drinks.

Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach -avoidance "situation. Conger trained one group rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.

The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior. come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.

In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the cue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: Conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.

The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some. cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.

Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learn ed. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to in duce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other re searchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.

The author maintains that habituation to excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. The method employed to do so, experimentally, which used reinforcement is______.

A．the introduction of alcohol into the bloodstream by infection

B．the increase of the concentration of alcohol in the subject’s drinking water

C．the use of anxiety in an avoidance - approach pattern

D．increasing the amount of alcohol the subject must drink each time before giving it a reward

Tim Berners-Lee is the man who wrote the software(软件)programme that led to the foundation of the World Wide Web. Britain played an important part in developing the first generation of computers. The parents of Tim Berners-Lee both worked on one of the earliest commercial(商业的)computers and talked about their work at home. As a child he would build models of computers from packaging material. After graduating from Oxford University he went on to the real thing. In the 1980s scientists were already communicating using a primitive version(原始版本)of e-mail. While working at a laboratory in Switzerland, Tim Berners-Lee wrote a programme, which let him store these messages. This gave him another idea: write a programme that will let academics(学术界人士)from across the world share information on a single place. In 1990 he wrote the HTTP(服务程序所用的协议)and HTML(超文本链接标示语言)programmes which form. the basis of the World Wide Web.

The next year his programmes were placed on to the Internet. Everyone was welcome to use them and improve them if they could. Programmers used his codes(编码)to work with different operating systems. New things like web browsers(浏览器)and search engines were developed. Between 1991 and 1994 the number of web pages rose from 10 to 100,000.

In 1994 Tim Berners-Lee formed the newly formed World Wide Web Consortium(协会)，or W3C. More than 200 leading companies and laboratories are represented(代表)by W3C. Together they make sure that everyone can share equally on the web. "The Web can help people understand the way that others live and love and are human. It helps us understand the humanity of people, "he says.

1. From the lines we can infer that Tim Berners-Lee is _____.

A. British

B. American

C. Swiss

D. French

2. The main idea of this passage is _____.

A. when the Internet came into being

B. how Tim Berners-Lee formed W3C

C. why computers develop so rapidly

D. how the World Wide Web started

3. Scientists began to communicate using e-mail _____.

A. in 1980

B. after the 1980s

C. before 1990

D. in the 1960s

4. He made up his mind to write a programme that would let people from across the world share information on a single place when _____.

A. he was a child

B. he studied in Oxford University

C. he formed W3C

D. he worked at a lab in Switzerland

5. Which of the following is NOT true？ _____

A. The number of web pages rose very rapidly in the 1990s.

B. Tim's programmes were placed on to the Internet in 1990.

C. The World Wide Web will have an effect on the social development.

D. Tim Berners-Lee made a great contribution to the computer science.

For years, the U. S. has experienced a shortage of registered nurses. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that while the number of nurses will increase by 19 percent by 2022, demand will grow faster than supply, and that there will be over one million unfilled nursing jobs by then.

So what's the solution? Robots.

Japan is ahead of the curve when it comes to this trend. Toyohashi University of Technology has developed Terapio, a robotic medical cart that can make hospital rounds, deliver medications and other items, and retrieve records. It follows a specific individual, such as a doctor or nurse, who can use it to record and access patient data. This type of robot will likely be one of the first to be implemented in hospitals because it has fairly minimal patient contact.

Robots capable of social engagement help with loneliness as well as cognitive functioning, but the robot itself doesn't have to engage directly—it can serve as an intermediary for human communication. Telepresence robots such as MantaroBot, Vgo, and Giraff can be controlled through a computer, smartphone, or tablet, allowing family members or doctors to remotely monitor patients or Skype them, often via a screen where the robot's ' face' would be. If you can't get to the nursing home to visit grandma, you can use a telepresence robot to hang out with her. A 2016 study found that users had a "consistently positive attitude" about the Giraff robot's ability to enhance communication and decrease feelings of loneliness.

A robot's appearance affects its ability to successfully interact with humans, which is why the RIKEN-TRI Collaboration Center for Human-Interactive Robot Research decided to develop a robotic nurse that looks like a huge teddy bear. RIBA (Robot for Interactive Body Assistance), also known as ‘Robear', can help patients into and out of wheelchairs and beds with its strong arms.

On the less cute and more scary side there is Actroid F, which is so human-like that some patients may not know the difference. This conversational robot companion has cameras in its eyes, which allow it to track patients and use appropriate facial expressions and body language in its interactions. During a month- long hospital trial, researchers asked 70 patients how they felt being around the robot and "only three or four said they didn't like having it around."

It's important to note that robotic nurses don't decide courses of treatment or make diagnoses (though robot doctors and surgeons may not be far off). Instead, they perform. routine and laborious tasks, freeing nurses up to attend to patients with immediate needs. This is one industry where it seems the integration of robots will lead to collaboration, not replacement.

51. What does the author say about Japan?

A) It delivers the best medications for the elderly.

B) It takes the lead in providing robotic care.

C) It provides retraining for registered nurses.

D) It sets the trend in future robotics technology.

52. What do we learn about the robot Terapio?

A) It has been put to use in many Japanese hospitals.

B) It provides specific individualized care to patients.

C) It does not have much direct contact with patients.

D) It has not revolutionized medical service in Japan.

53. What are telepresence robots designed to do?

A) Directly interact with patients to prevent them from feeling lonely.

B) Cater to the needs of patients for recovering their cognitive capacity.

C) Closely monitor the patients' movements and conditions around the clock.

D) Facilitate communication between patients and doctors or family members.

54. What is one special feature of the robot Actroid F?

A) It interacts with patients just like a human companion.

B) It operates quietly without patients realizing its presence.

C) It likes to engage in everyday conversations with patients.

D) It uses body language even more effectively than words.

55. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A) Doctors and surgeons will soon be laid off.

B) The robotics industry will soon take off.

C) Robots will not make nurses redundant.

D) Collaboration will not replace competition.