Which logic, inductive or deductive logic, is used...

已知书目信息：Tallis Marcelo，Waltzman Rand Robert．Adding deductive logic to a COTS spreadsheet．Knowledge Engineering Review，v 22，n 3，September，2007，p255—268，其中(  )可作为检索iPAC的题名关键字。

  A．Tallis Marcelo

  B．Waltzman Rand Robert

  C．Adding deductive logic to a COTS spreadsheet

  D．Knowledge Engineering Review

The two most common kinds of logic or reasoning are inductive and deductive.

Inductive reasoning is mainly scientific and factual it begins with collected data,experiments. and examples.When enough information has been colleted,a statement of aprinciple is taken from the examples.

Deductive reasoning begins with a general principle and applies it to a specifie instance or specific instances The conclusions of deduetive thinkers are more tentative than the conclusions of inductive thinkers, who arrive at a principle instead of starting from one.Deductive thinkers are accurate only to the extent that their principle is correct and only to the extent that they have applied it truly.

Both inductive thinking and deductive thinking are tested. and questioned by those to whom the conclusions are presented. Of an inductive thinker,one asks whether the facts are true. whether the exceptions have been noted, whether the selection of materials is representative. whether the conclusions are truly and accurately drawn from the data,whether the conclusions are stated precisely or exaggerated(夸大的). Of a deductive thinker, one asks whether the given principle is impartial truth or mere personal opinion,whether it is applied to materials relevantly,whether the conclusion is accurate according to the principie, and whether exceptions have been noted.

With good motives and bad, with bonesty and with deceit. different thinkers teach different conclusions derived from the same data or from the same principle. What is the difference between inductive thinking and deductive thinking?

A.Inductive thinking starts from data, experiments and examples and then arrives at a principle,while deductive thinking starts only from data

B.Inductive thinking starts from a principle,and then applies it to a specifie instance or specific instances, while deductive thinking starts from data experiments and examples and then arrives at a principle

C.Inductive thinking starts from data, experiments and examples and then arrives at a principle,while deductive thinking starts from a general principle,and then applies it to a specific instance or specific instances

D.Inductive thinking starts from data and then applies them to specific instances,while deduetive thinking starts from experiments and then appliesthem to specific instances

Which one of the following should an inductive thinker pay attention to?A.Whether the general principle is impartial truth or mere personal opinion.

B.Whether he is honest or not.

C.Whether the facts are true or not

D.Whether the general principle is applied to material relevantly.

The common concern for inductive thinkers and deductive thinkers is___A.whether the exceptions have been noticed

B.whether they are bearing good motives or not

C.whether the conclusions are derived from the same data

D.whether they starts from the same general principle

Which statement among the following is true?A.Deductive thinking is mainly scientific and factual

B.The deductive thinkers will never be accurate

C.Both inductive thinking and deductive thinking are tested and questioned by those to whom the conclusions are presented

D.One will not care about whether the facts used by an inductive thinker are representative or not

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

The example of applying audio lingual and audio visual methodologies to teaching is used to illustrate that

A．there was more emphasis on logic in the 1960s.

B．more humanistic approaches are needed.

C．language teaching changes as societies change.

D．changes in the West are not relevant in other societies.

According to G Leech, ______ meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content.

According to G Leech, ______meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content.(北二外2005研)

A、24, 25-（OH）2-D3

B、1, 25-（OH）2-D3

C、25-OH-D3

D、7-dehydrogenation cholesterol

A、1, 25-（OH）2-D3

B、24, 25-（OH）2-D3

C、25-OH-D3

D、7-dehydrogenation cholesterol

Fresh Water Shortage

A water crisis is about to explode. Fresh water is a finite resource. The amount of fresh water supply provided by the hydrological cycle does not increase. Water everywhere on the planet is an integral part of the global hydrologic cycle. Precipitation (降水) originates as evaporation from land and the oceans. Soil moisture is used by plants, which return more moisture to the atmosphere, which then returns to the Earth as rain or snow. Barlow and Clark add, "Unless we dramatically change our ways, between one-half and two-thirds of humanity will be living with severe freshwater shortages within the next quarter-century."

Humans share the Earth with other creatures who also need water, therefore, a water shortage is also a crisis for wildlife. Of the 25-biodiversity hot spots designated by Conservation International, 10 are located in water-short regions.

Fresh Water in Man's Life

Seventy percent of all the fresh water is used for irrigation.

? Agriculture uses the largest amount of freshwater (70%).

? Forty percent of the world grain harvest is produced on irrigated land, therefore, a water shortage will become a food shortage.

? Countries are importing grain as a way to import water. It takes 1,000 tons of water to grow one ton of grain. On the other hand, exporters of grain are exporting water. (The U.S. annual grain exports of 90 million tons of grain represent 90 billion tons of water, an amount that exceeds the 67-billion-ton annual flow of the Missouri River. )

? Producing one ton of grain requires 1,000 tons of water, but producing one ton of beef requires 15,000 tons of water (and nearly that much is required to produce a ton of cotton). Producing wheat or soybeans requires only 2% of the water required by beef.

Twenty percent of fresh water is used by industry.

As water becomes scarce, demand for water in cities and by industry is satisfied by taking water from a country's agriculture, with imported grain offsetting the shortfall. Conservation programs are not applied to industry.

Ten percent of fresh water is used for residential purposes.

Residential use accounts for 10 percent of fresh water use and about three-fourths of the urban water demand. Each day in the U.S., more than 4.8 billion gallons of drinking water is flushed down toilets.

Showers account for about 20 percent of total indoor water use. The EPA says that by replacing standard 4.5-gallon-per-minute showerheads with 2.5-gallon-per-minute heads, which cost less than $5 each, a family of four can save approximately 20,000 gallons of water per year. Outdoor residential water use varies greatly, but on average, nationally, lawn care accounts for about 32 percent of the total residential outdoor use. Other outdoor uses include washing automobiles, maintaining swimming pools, and cleaning sidewalks and driveways.

Signs of Stress as the Demand for Fresh Water

Rivers are running dry.

Many major rivers—including the Colorado, Ganges, Indus, Rio Grande, and Yellow—are so over-tapped that they now run dry for part of the year. Freshwater wetlands have shrunk by about half worldwide. In 1972, the Yellow River in China failed to reach the sea for the first time in history. That year it failed on 15 days; every year since, it has run dry for a longer period of time, until in 1997, it failed to reach the sea for more than half a year.

Water tables are falling on every continent.

Aquifer (蓄水池) depletion is a new problem. Water tables are falling from the overpumping of groundwater in large portions of China, India, Iran, Mexico, the Middle East, North Africa, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. India has the highest volume of annual groundwater overdraft of any nation in the world. In most parts of the country, water mining is taking place at

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

2 A proposal has been put to the board of directors of Semer plc that the company should increase its capital gearing

to at least 50%, in order to reduce the company’s cost of capital and increase its market value.

The managing director of Semer is not convinced by the logic of the proposal, or the accuracy of the calculations, but

is unable to explain the reasons for his reservations.

A summary of the proposal and its implications is shown below.

Proposal to increase the capital gearing of Semer plc

The company’s current weighted average cost of capital is estimated to be 10·6%. If the proportion of debt is

increased to 50% of total capital, by the repurchase of ordinary shares at their current market value, the cost of capital

may be reduced to 9·9%. A reduced cost of capital means that the value of the company will increase which will be

welcomed by our shareholders. Calculations supporting the above proposal are shown below:

(ii) The current price of Semer’s ordinary shares is 410 pence.

(iii) The market price of one 8% debenture 2010 is ￡112.

(iv) The market return is 10·5% and the risk free rate 4·0%.

(v) Semer’s equity beta is 1·2.

(vi) Semer currently pays ￡15 million in dividends.

(vii) The corporate tax rate is 30%.

(viii) The company currently generates a free cash flow of ￡60 million per year, which is expected to increase by

approximately 3% per year.

Required:

(a) What, if any, are the mistakes in the proposal? Correcting for any mistakes produce revised estimates of the

company’s current cost of capital and current value. Brief explanation of the reasons for any revisions should

be included. (15 marks)

Which is not one of the resons why theuthor doesn’t think technologicl communiction sWhich is not one of the resons why theuthor doesn’t think technologicl communiction suchs using emil cn improve communiction Technologicl system is esily out of dte. B．Employees my needdditionl trining to know how to use. C．People should use fce-to-fce communiction. D．These communiction tools cost lot so tht notll cnfford.

A．Technological system is easily out of date

B．Employees may need additional training to know how to use

C．People should use face-to-face communication．

D．These communication tools cost a lot so that not all can affor

D．