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5. The origin of Sunday In the first centuries, Su...

5. The origin of Sunday In the first centuries, Sunday, being made a festival in honor of Christ's resurrection, received attention as a day of religious services and recreation, but seventh-day Sabbath rest (based on the Jewish Shabbat, because the earliest Christians were all Jews) was still observed by "almost all churches". Often first-day worship (Sunday morning or Saturday night) was practiced alongside observance of seventh-day Sabbath rest and was a widespread Christian tradition by the 2nd century, attested in patristic writings of the 2nd century; over time, Sunday thus came to be known as Lord's Day. These early Christians believed that the resurrection and ascension of Christ signals the renewal of creation, making the day on which God accomplished it a day analogous to the first day of creation when God made the light. Some of these writers referred to Sunday as the "eighth day". The 1st-century or 2nd-century Epistle of Barnabas or Pseudo-Barnabas on Is. 1:13 stated "Sabbaths of the present age" were abolished in favor of one millennial seventh-day Sabbath that ushers in the "eighth day" and commencement of a new world. Accordingly, the eighth-day assembly (Saturday night or Sunday morning) marks both the resurrection and the new creation. Thus first-day observance was a common regional practice at that time. By the mid-2nd century, Justin Martyr wrote in his apologies about the cessation of Sabbath observance and the celebration of the first (or eighth) day of the week (not as a day of rest, but as a day for gathering to worship): "We all gather on the day of the sun" (τῇ τοῦ ῾Ηλίου λεγομένη ἡμέρᾳ, recalling both the creation of light and the resurrection). He argued that Sabbath was not kept before Moses, and was only instituted as a sign to Israel and a temporary measure because of Israel's sinfulness, no longer needed after Christ came without sin. Curiously he also draws a parallel between the Israelite practice of circumcision on the eighth day, and the resurrection of Jesus on the "eighth day". 9. Which of the following statement about Sunday is NOT TRUE？

A、Sunday is the festival in honor of Christ’s resurrection.

B、Some of these writers referred to Sunday as the "eighth day".

C、Justin Martyr argued that Sabbath was kept before Moses.

D、The eighth-day assembly (Saturday night or Sunday morning) marks both the resurrection and the new creation.

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第1题

People thinking about the origin of language for the first time usually arrive at the conclusion that it developed gradually as a system of grunts, hisses and cries and【1】a very simple affair in the beginning.【2】, when we observe the language behaviour of【3】we regard as primitive cultures, we find it【4】complicated. It was believed that an Eskimo must have at the tip of his tongue a vocabulary of more than 10,000 words【5】to get along reasonably well, much larger than the active vocabulary of an average businessman who speaks English.【6】, these Eskimo words are far more highly inflected (词尾变化的) than【7】of any of the well-known European languages, for a 【8】noun can be spoken or written in【9】hundred different forms, each【10】a precise meaning different from that of any other. The forms of the verbs are even more【11】The Eskimo language is, therefore, one of the most difficult in the world to learn,【12】the result that almost no traders or explorers have【13】tried to learn it. Consequently, there has grown up, in communication between Eskimos and whites, a jargon【14】to the pidgin English used in Old China, with a vocabulary of from 300 to 600 uninflected words. Most of them are derived from Eskimo but some are derived from English, Danish, Spanish, Hawaiian and other languages.lt is this jargon that is usually【15】by travellers as "the Eskimo language".

(1)

A．must be

B．must have been

C．ought to be

D．should be

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第2题

People thinking about the origin of language for the first time usually arrive at the conclusion that it developed gradually as a system of grunts, hisses and cries and 【B1】______ a very simple affair in the beginning. 【B2】______ , when we observe the language behaviour of 【B3】______ we regard as primitive cultures, we find it 【B4】______ complicated. It was believed that an Eskimo must have at the tip of his tongue a vocabulary of more than 10,000 words 【B5】______ to get along reasonably well, much larger than the active vocabulary of an average businessman who speaks English. 【B6】______ , these Eskimo words are far more highly inflected (词尾变化的) than 【B7】______ of any of the well-known European languages, for a 【B8】______ noun can be spoken or written in 【B9】______ hundred different forms, each 【B10】______ a precise meaning different from that of any other. The forms of the verbs are even more 【B11】______ The Eskimo language is, therefore, one of the most difficult in the world to learn, 【B12】______ the result that almost no traders or explorers have 【B13】______ tried to learn it. Consequently, there has grown up, in communication between Eskimos and whites, a jargon 【B14】______ to the pidgin English used in Old China, with a vocabulary of from 300 to 600 uninflected words. Most of them are derived from Eskimo but some are derived from English, Danish, Spanish, Hawaiian and other languages. It is this jargon that is usually 【B15】______ by travellers as "the Eskimo language".

【B1】

A．must be

B．must have been

C．ought to be

D．should be

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第3题

How men first learned to invent words is unknown; in other word, the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is 【M1】______ men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express 【M2】______ thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they can 【M3】______ communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to present 【M4】______ those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken, or written in letters we call words. The power of words, then, lies on their associations — the 【M5】______ things they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the long we live, the more 【M6】______ certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increase. 【M7】______ Great writers- are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully on 【M8】______ our minds and feelings. This charming and telling use of words is that we call literary style. Above all, the real poet is a master of 【M9】______ words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should nevertheless learn to choose our words 【M10】______ carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and rude.

【M1】

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第4题

How men first learned to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a【B1】______. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to【B2】______thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they【B3】______certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be【B4】______. Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, we call words. The power of words, then, lies in their combinations — the things they【B5】______before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad【B6】______of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases. Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal【B7】______to our minds and feelings. This charming and telling use of words is what we call【B8】______style. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and【B9】______can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and【B10】______.

【B1】

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第5题

History tells us that the origin of Santa Claus begins in the 4th century with Saint Nicholas, Bishop of Myra (an area in present day Turkey). One of the legends tells about that he【C1】______ a fortune when his parents died while he was still in his teens. By【C2】______ St. Nicholas was an honest and【C3】______ man. He cared deeply for the poor, and particularly【C4】______ to children. He brought various gifts, money and other useful items to the houses of the poor. He did this at night, and in【C5】______ , so that no one knew,【C6】______ he wanted no glory, he just wanted to help people. He became widely known for his generosity.

There is one famous【C7】______ about Saint Nicholas. The story tells【C8】______ Nicholas hearing one day of three beautiful sisters who lived in a miserable【C9】______ on the edge of Myra. The three sisters were very poor. They could【C10】______ earn enough to keep themselves and their old mother from starving to death. When Nicholas heard of their【C11】______ , he was very concerned. He decided to do【C12】______ to help them.

One night, when everyone was asleep, Nicholas crept through the streets to the【C13】______ of town. He tiptoed up to the hut【C14】______ where the three sisters lived. He climbed onto the roof and【C15】______ three bags of gold through the hole in the roof where the smoke from the fire came out. Now it so【C16】______ that the three sisters has washed their stockings before they went to bed. The stockings have been hung by the fire to【C17】______ . When Nicholas dropped the gold through the smoke hole, each bag of gold fell into a stocking,

The three sisters were overjoyed to find three bags of gold in their stockings when they woke up the next morning. Soon, the story began to【C18】______ . Other people began to hang【C19】______ stockings in the hope of finding bags of gold when they woke up in the morning. From this legend sprang the【C20】______ of hanging stockings up by the chimney on Christmas Eve. Over the years, Saint Nicholas became associated with Christmas.

【C1】

A．acquired

B．required

C．inquired

D．lost

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第6题

Darwin proposed the theory of sexual selection to explain the origin of

ostentatious plumage in certain bird species, maintaining that the ornate

features of males are a consequence of female mate selection based on an

abstract aesthetic sense, not unlike the process of animal breeders producing

(5) fancy-male varieties of pigeons by conscious artificial selection. Wallace

suggested an alternative explanation: through greater physical energy the most

highly adorned males are able to win the competition with rival males.

Meanwhile Huxley pointed out that male adornment is instrumental in

establishing dominance relationships among males: adornment reduces the

(10) physical activity necessary to intimidate rivals.

However, Jacobs later examined the process of female choice, concluding

that what appeared to be choice of an adorned male by a female was really a

mutual attraction to a certain reproductive site. Mate selection requires an

awareness of features characteristic of a suitable breeding site, which might be

(15) mirrored in the ornamentation of the male, and thus mate selection is related

directly to adaptive niche specialization. From this insight, Austin proceeded to

develop a food-courtship theory of mate selection: the population most efficient

in use of the energy available in a particular niche will be the fittest to survive

there. Through natural selection, organisms will tend to become specialized to

(20) form. isolated populations, each adapted to utilize the energy most efficiently

that is available in a particular niche and this process of segregation and

specialization of populations is facilitated by employing in the mating process

samples of the food available in the preferred niche. In particular cases, the

male may display the food to the female or feed it to her in the courtship

(25) ceremony, maybe bearing permanent representations of specific foods on his

plumage, and the female may be attracted to the male for these representations

of the territorial foods.

Austin's theory may be applied to the case for mate choice among

peafowls, whose males' "eyespotted" tail feathers bear a striking resemblance

(30) to blue berries. According to the food-courtship theory, it is because their

plumage bears representations of food that peacocks attract peahens, which may

explain why males with the most "eyespots" on their tail have the greatest

mating success. Not inconsistent with a possible role of the "eyespots" in

reproductive competition among males and in aesthetic selection, this

(35) explanation seems more plausible than the suggestion that by selecting mates

according to the perfection of their tail-feather "eyespots", peahens are able to

identify mates with the greatest "fitness". This process, bringing together

males and females of similar tastes and physiologies, may lead to speciation.

Some of the male display features may come to be involved in species

(40) identification, and it has also been noted that male adornment could have a dual

function, repelling rival males as well as attracting females.

The passage is primarily concerned with

A．contrasting the role of domination and courtship in determining the evolution of bird plumage

B．illustrating the effectiveness of a particular approach to categorizing various evolutionary innovations

C．documenting the origins of a currently accepted scientific theory about food and courtship

D．proposing a new explanation for the evolutionary reasons behind the ornamentation of male bird plumage

E．showing that physical adaptation plays an integral role in contributing to species identification of birds

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第7题