We are late. That’s _____ we have to start now .

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition (营养不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur (硫)or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills, and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination.

Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won't work, we first relate the effect (light out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working). This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out, we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out--power off--refrigerator not working -- temperature will rise -- milk will sour. In the other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.

Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur as combustion (燃烧) is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a ear from starting, but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but can't do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors -- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection -- must also be present.

In establishing or denying a causal relation, it is usually necessary to show the process by which the supposed cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.

What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about _____.

A．classification of reasoning

B．some special types of reasoning

C．relationships between causes and results

D．some other common types of reasoning

根据以下内容，回答题。

Mobile phones help us communicate everywhere， which is very important. They are good at emergencies，when you"ve 1 a car accident，for instance. A mobile phone. 2 save your life! Mobile phones are also 3 because they have many good features——we can take photos and send them all over the world. But every coin has two sides. The 4 thing about mobile phones is that you have no privacy. My boss and friends find me whenever they want! I haven"t enjoyed a whole quiet day since the day I 5 my mobile phone. 6 disadvantage is that mobile phones make us lose good habits， such as punctuality. Before， when we 7 keep in touch so easily， if we had a date with someone， we tried our best to arrive 8 time. But now， because of the mobile phone， we are not afraid of 9 late any more， so， surprisingly enough， we make people wait ! The third 10 I see is that I change my mobile phone once a year， and this means I"m spending 11 too much money on it. I think it is important to think 12 we use mobile phones. We should use things such as mo- bile phones， laptops， cameras， the Internet， and so on， 13 our needs. We can 14 our mobile phone， when we don"t want to be disturbed by 15 If we know how to use it， we can eliminate its disadvantages.

when you"ve 1 a car accident，

A.have

B.made

C.had

D.crashed

Mobile phones help us communicate everywhere, which is very important. They are good at emergencies, when you've【21】a car accident, for instance. A mobile phone【22】save your life! Mobile phones are also【23】because they have many good features—we can take photos and send them all over the world. But every coin has two sides. The【24】thing about mobile phones is that you have no privacy. My boss and friends find me whenever they want! I haven't enjoyed a whole quiet day since the day I【25】my mobile phone.【26】disadvantage is that mobile phones make us lose good habits, such as punctuality. Before, when we【27】keep in touch so easily, if we had a date with someone, we tried our best to arrive【28】time. But now, because of the mobile phone, we are not afraid of【29】late any more, so, surprisingly enough, we make people wait! The third【30】I see is that I change my mobile phone once a year, and this means I'm spending【31】too much money on it. I think it is important to think【32】we use mobile phones. We should use things such as mobile phones, laptops, cameras, the Internet, and so on,【33】our needs. We can【34】our mobile phone when we don't want to be disturbed by【35】. If we know how to use it, we can eliminate its disadvantages.

(41)

A．have

B．made

C．had

D．crashed

Translate the following letter into Chinese. Complain about Late Delivery Dear Sirs, We regret to have to complain about late delivery of the filing cabinets ordered on 2nd July. We did not receive them until this morning though you had guaranteed delivery within a week. It was on this understanding that we placed the order. Unfortunately, there have been similar delays on several previous occasions and their increasing frequency in recent months compels us to say that business between us cannot be continued under conditions such as these. We have felt it necessary to make our feelings known since we cannot give reliable delivery date to our customers unless we can count on undertakings given by our suppliers. We hope you will understand how we are placed and that from now on we can rely upon punctual completion of our orders. Yours faithfully

听力原文： In order to diagnose and treat abnormal behavior, we have to start with clear definitions of what's meant by abnormal and normal. Criteria must be worked out for distinguishing one from the other in actual clinical cases. The word abnormal implies a deviation from some clearly defined norm. In the case of physical illness, the boundary lines between normality and pathology are often clearly delineated by medical science, making it easier to diagnose. On the psychological level, however, we have no ideal model to use as a base of comparison, nothing to help us distinguish mental health from mental disorder. The problem of defining abnormal behavior. via establishing just what is meant by normal behavior. has proved extremely difficult. However, as chapter 5 outlines, several criteria have been proposed. One norm described in detail in your text is personal adjustment. An individual who was able to deal with problems effectively without serious anxiety or unhappiness or more serious symptoms is said to be well adjusted. Personal adjustment as a norm has several serious limitations though. For example, it makes no reference to the individual's role in the group. How're we going to classify, for example, the a typical politician or businessperson who engages in unethical practices. Either might be a successful, happy, well-adjusted individual. Obviously, the welfare of the group, as well as that of the individual, must be considered, which brings me to the next approach.

(48)

A．It is difficult to define

B．Its causes are often unknown

C．Psychologists disagree about how to treat

D．Its symptoms often go unnoticed

WearepleasedtoknowthatyouhaveplannedtocometotheAutumnGuangzhouFair.Wewishtodiscusswithyousomeother

importantthingsifyoucouldcome______yourearliestconvenience.

a.by

b.on

c.in

d.at