Folk song of ethnic Han can be divided into

听力原文： The sound of birds can be divided into 3 types including singing, crying and voice imitating. Singing is normally a continuous multi-syllable melody uttered by the birds under the control of sex hormone. Some sorts of singing are quite melodious and pleasant. During the breeding cycle, the changing and pleasant cries uttered by male birds are typical singings. Singing is an important way for a bird to defend its territories, to pronounce it has occupied a place and to warn other birds not to enter the area. The songs uttered by birds in singing are more different and complicated than their common cries, which mainly happen in the breeding cycle in spring and summer. Cries are not controlled by sex hormone and can be uttered by both male and female birds. Usually cries of birds are short and simple. But the cries of birds can mean a lot. They are used to communicate with one another and to inform. one another about dangerous information. The cries of birds can express calling, warning, surprising and threatening. Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish crying and singing. Generally speaking, cries are not affected by the change of seasons and can be uttered by all birds; Crying is an important way for birds to communicate with one another. Voice imitating means a bird is imitating the crying or voice of other birds. The biological meaning of voice imitating is not clear even now and it is highly probable that it will take a long time for people to discover the mystery.

(33)

A．Singling, echoing and crying.

B．Singing, echoing and voice imitating.

C．Echoing, crying and voice imitating.

D．Singing, crying and voice imitating.

A、风 Feng

B、雅Ya

C、颂 Song

D、诗 Shi

E、经 Jing

Scientists studying the effect of large volcanic eruptions on global climate

have long focused on the major quantities of carbon dioxide (C02), a gas known

to contribute to the greenhouse effect, produced by these eruptions. It is well

observed that such greenhouse gases trap heat radiated from the surface of the

(5) earth, thereby forming a type of insulation around the planet. The greenhouse

effect is essential for ecological equipoise because it maintains the temperature

of the planet within habitable parameters, but there is growing concern that

man-made production of gases such as CO[,2] from the burning of fossil fuels may

be threatening the system's tolerance, and have resulted in excessive warming

(10) on a global scale.

While volcanic eruptions indubitably metabolize and accumulate C0[,2] in the

atmosphere, it has been recently discovered that their impact is virtually trivial

compared to the quantity produced by human activities, especially heavy

industry. In reality, the more substantive climatic effect from volcanoes results

(15) from the production of atmospheric haze, whereby large eruption columns inject

ash particles and sulfur-rich gases into the troposphere and stratosphere, clouds

that circumscribe the globe within weeks of the volcanic activity. Ash and

aerosol clouds from large volcanic eruptions disseminate quickly through the

atmosphere, and the small ash particles decrease the amount of sunlight

(20) reaching the surface of the earth and lower average global temperatures, while

the sulfurous gases combine with water in the atmosphere to form. acidic

aerosols that also absorb incoming solar radiation and scatter it back out into

space.

There is evidence that volcanoes' stratospheric ash clouds has a lesser

(25) effect on global temperatures than aerosol clouds, given that the major Mt. St.

Helens eruption had lowered global temperatures by about 0.1 degree C, while

two years later the much smaller eruption of El Chico had, by contrast, three to

five times the global cooling effect worldwide. Despite its smaller ash cloud, El

Chico emitted more than 40 times the volume of sulfur-rich gases produced by

(30) Mt. St. Helens, revealing that the formation of atmospheric sulfur aerosols has

a more substantial effect on global temperatures than simply the volume of ash

produced during an eruption. Sulfate aerosols appear to necessitate several

years to settle out of the atmosphere, one of the reasons their effects are so I

widespread and enduring. This corroborates the opinion of those scientists who

(35) argue that without the cooling effect of major volcanic eruptions such as El

Chico, global warming effects caused by human activities would be far more

substantial. It should be noted that major volcanic eruptions have additional

climatic effects beyond global temperature decreases and acid rain, for ash and

aerosol particles suspended in the atmosphere scatter light of red wavelengths,

(40) often resulting in brilliantly colored sunsets and sunrises around the world.

According to the passage, scientists have decided that sulfur aerosols from volcanic eruptions affect global temperatures to a greater extent than ash clouds because

A．the greenhouse gas effect produced by human activities tends to have a much greater environmental effect than that of volcanic explosions

B．clouds of sulfur-rich gases tend to achieve greater heights in the stratosphere than do ash clouds

C．a particular explosion producing high sulfur and little ash had a greater environmental effect than the converse

D．the burning of fossil fuels tends to exacerbate the effects of sulfurous aerosols, but not those of ash clouds

E．global warming effects tend to minimize the impact of ash clouds, but not those of sulfurous aerosols

Scientists studying the effect of large volcanic eruptions on global climate

have long focused on the major quantities of carbon dioxide (C02), a gas known

to contribute to the greenhouse effect, produced by these eruptions. It is well

Line observed that such greenhouse gases trap heat radiated from the surface of the

(5) earth, thereby forming a type of insulation around the planet. The greenhouse

effect is essential for ecological equipoise because it maintains the temperature

of the planet within habitable parameters, but there is growing concern that

man-made production of gases such as CO~ from the burning of fossil fuels may

be threatening the system's tolerance, and have resulted in excessive warming

(10) on a global scale.

While volcanic eruptions indubitably metabolize and accumulate C02 in the

atmosphere, it has been recently discovered that their impact is virtually trivial

compared to the quantity produced by human activities, especially heavy

industry. In reality, the more substantive climatic effect from volcanoes results

(15) from the production of atmospheric haze, whereby large eruption columns inject

ash particles and sulfur-rich gases into the troposphere and stratosphere, clouds

that circumscribe the globe within weeks of the volcanic activity. Ash and

aerosol clouds from large volcanic eruptions disseminate quickly through the

atmosphere, and the small ash particles decrease the amount of sunlight

(20) reaching the surface of the earth and lower average global temperatures, while

the sulfurous gases combine with water in the atmosphere to form. acidic

aerosols that also absorb incoming solar radiation and scatter it back out into

space.

There is evidence that volcanoes' stratospheric ash clouds has a lesser

(25) effect on global temperatures than aerosol clouds, given that the major Mt. St.

Helens eruption had lowered global temperatures by about 0.1 degree C, while

two years later the much smaller eruption of El Chico had, by contrast, three to

five times the global cooling effect worldwide. Despite its smaller ash cloud, El

Chico emitted more than 40 times the volume of sulfur-rich gases produced by

(30) Mt. St. Helens, revealing that the formation of atmospheric sulfur aerosols has

a more substantial effect on global temperatures than simply the volume of ash

produced during an eruption. Sulfate aerosols appear to necessitate several

years to settle out of the atmosphere, one of the reasons their effects are so

widespread and enduring. This corroborates the opinion of those scientists who

(35) argue that without the cooling effect of major volcanic eruptions such as E1

Chico, global warming effects caused by human activities would be far more

substantial. It should be noted that major volcanic eruptions have additional

climatic effects beyond global temperature decreases and acid rain, for ash and

aerosol particles suspended in the atmosphere scatter light of red wavelengths,

(40) often resulting in brilliantly colored sunsets and sunrises around the world.

According to the passage, scientists have decided that sulfur aerosols from volcanic eruptions affect global temperatures to a greate

A．the greenhouse gas effect produced by human activities tends to have a much greater environmental effect than that of volcanic explosions

B．clouds of sulfur-rich gases tend to achieve greater heights in the stratosphere than do ash clouds

C．a particular explosion producing high sulfur and little ash had a greater environmental effect than the converse

D．the burning of fossil fuels tends to exacerbate the effects of sulfurous aerosols, but not those of ash clouds

E．global warming effects tend to minimize the impact of ash clouds, but not those of sulfurous aerosols

Rock Music in its Early Stage

Rock music, which is short for rock 'n' roll, in its true sense, refers to the music of the young. Rock music is American on both sides of the family if you trace its pedigree far enough. Its technical elements have come down through the commercial rock-and-roll and rhythm-and-blues of the 1950s from the two deepest fountains of American popular music, black blues and white country music. But in 1965, the two traditions fused to create the genre now widely known as rock music, largely thanks to the emergence of Bob Dylan. Now, rock is a part of popular music today. It is played and listened to in almost all the countries of the world.

Until the 1950's, American popular music was divided into three separate styles, each with its own performers, musical content, and audience. One style. was called "pop", and it served most Americans. Pop songs came from movies, Broadway musicals, and pop composers. The songs were mainly simple, 32-bar melodies whose words were about love. They were played by bands in dancehalls, restaurants, nightclubs, and on radio. The bands consisted of any where from six to more than 20 musicians playing combinations of trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and clarinet, with a rhythm section of drums, guitar, string bass, or piano. Soloists or small vocal groups generally accompanied the bands.

In the late 1930's and 1940's, there were hundreds of "big bands". The most popular included the white bands of Artie Shaw, Benny Goodman, Glenn Miller, and Woody Herman. There were also the more jazz-style. black bands of Jimmie Lunceford, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington. After World War II, individual singers such as Frank Sinatra, Perry Como, Nat ("King") Cole, Doris Day, and Patti Page, most of whom had been band singers, became much more popular than the bands themselves.

The second style, "rhythm-and-blues", came from the blues sung by black performers along with the fast dance music that had grown out of ragtime and boogie-woogie. It was the popular music of the black people of the United States, played and sung in taverns and clubs or listened to on records in jukeboxes(自动点唱机). (Once called "race" music, it is now called "soul".) Two of the most popular rhythm-and-blues performers of the 1940's and early 1950's were Chuck Berry, B. B. King.

Both the white pop bands and the black rhythm-and-blues musicians were influenced by jazz and by Negro spirituals and gospel music(福音音乐).

The third style. is now called "country-and-western", but before World War II it was often called "hillbilly" music. It includes the commercialized folk music of the rural South and the cowboy music of the Southwest. The main center of the music has always been Nashville, Tennessee. It is performed largely by soloists accompanied by guitar and sometimes by horns and a rhythm section. The popular singers of the 1940's and 1950's included Hank Williams.

Rock and roll was the name given to the music that developed when these three separate styles came together in the early 1950's. It is widely believed that the term "rock and roll" was first used by a Cleveland disc jockey(流行音乐节目主持人) named Alan Freed. He was one of the first people to bring rhythm-and-blues to white audiences. He did this on his radio program and through concerts he produced, beginning in 1951, which presented black and white performers to audiences of black and white teenagers. That year, Alan Freed began a regular program featuring rhythm-and-blues music; Freed called the program "Moondog's Rock and Roll Party". The show became an instant hit among local white teenagers. Between 1951 and 1954, the white adolescent fascination with rhythm-and-blues that Alan Freed championed and popularized became a nationwide phenomenon. But not any one person created rock and roll. Rock was born as a result of changes in the music, broadcasting, advertising and e

A．Y

B．N

C．NG